Population Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Populace Geography - Essay Example The needy older populace has been commonly acknowledged as those 65 years or more. It is assumed once more, similar to youth subordinate populace that this subset of populace has no autonomous and dynamic pay and they stay subordinate for their vocation on working populace. The old reliance proportion is characterized as the proportion of the quantity of individuals matured 65 years and more seasoned to the number matured 15 to 64 years. In this manner the all out reliance proportion is acquired as the entirety of the young reliance proportion and the old reliance proportion. Every one of the three reliance proportions are normally communicated as rates. With the suspicion that the potential work power contains the populace subset matured 15 to 64 years, the proportional of the all out reliance proportion is well deciphered to mean the quantity of potential specialists accessible per subordinate individual (youthful or old). For example, if the complete reliance proportion is 40 perc ent or 0.5 (it was around 50 percent in the United States in 2000), the equal 1/0.4 - 2.5 implies that the populace has more than two (adjusted to three) possible specialists for every needy person. The reciprocals of the young reliance proportion and the old reliance proportion would have about similar understandings with the additional bit of leeway that they could be utilized in better investigation. It is evident that the higher the reliance proportions, the lower the quantities of potential specialists accessible to help the wards. The worldwide all out reliance proportion rose consistently from 1950 to 1965-70.It has been on a decay from that point forward. As per the medium projection of UN (1998), the complete reliance proportion will arrive at a level close about the year 2015 and afterward it would continuously go up, as the older populace subset will increment quicker than the energetic populace subset will diminish. This would occur due to declining fruitfulness rates in the current which is, thusly, brought about by monetary turn of events and expanded understanding and real accessibility of different measures to design families. The lower fruitfulness in the present would will in general smother the current day birth rates and improved clinical offices would raise the general future in this manner clearing a path for an older piece of the populace around the anticipated year. The calculated lucidity in estimating and anticipating reliance proportions fundamentally lays on the presumptions that people matured 15 to 64 years speak to the likely specialists of a populace, and that the others speak to wards. These suppositions have been addressed differently (Treas, 2000; Seike, 2001). For example in a lot less created and some increasingly evolved nations, kids begin work or some likeness thereof, with or without a lowest pay permitted by law, even before the age of 15 years. In India, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Nepal and Pakistan, for example, kid work has been a vexing issue and governments in a portion of these nations have enacted widely to control the injurious and exploitative utilization of youngster work. Anyway just little to direct achievement has been accomplished in many purviews. Again in business markets there has been a particular pattern to lean toward resigned understanding and representatives in the age gathering of 65 years or more are finding

Total Quality Management in Abu Dhabi University

ISO 8402 characterizes quality as â€Å"the totality of highlights and attributes of an item or administration that bear on its capacity to fulfill expressed or suggested needs† Basically, â€Å"quality is fulfilling clients need both present and future† (Charantimath, 2006).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Total Quality Management in Abu Dhabi University explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Quality catches a product’s qualification for use, capacity to recognize highlight or evaluation of the item in appearance, execution among others, degree to which a particular item is favored over contending results of equal evaluation, level of general greatness lastly it is worried about how well an item complies with structure and different determinations (Charantimath, 2006). For a company’s item or administration to be serious, at that point every one of these ascribes must be safeguarded and upgraded now and again. Complete quality administration is the procedure which administrators use to consistently distinguish and oversee the exercises expected to accomplish the quality destinations of an association with a point of offering high worth items and administrations. Reasons why Abu Dhabi University actualized ISO framework ADU quality arrangement expresses that â€Å"it is focused on giving quality degree projects to its understudies. Concentrating on the requirements of understudies, it takes part in a procedure of nonstop improvement grounded in proof based appraisal of understudies inclining and fulfillment with their Abu Dhabi University experience† (Abu Dhabi University, 2011). ISO framework was adjusted to help in executing this approach. A meeting with Mr. Stephen Deunch’a (Quality Officer Assurance) uncovered that usage of ISO encouraged setting up procedures and strategies in all division of the University. Also, it improved adequacy of the procedures and quality administrations . At long last, it acquainted responsibility with ceaseless upgrades of value. Course of events of the entire undertaking The way toward gaining ISO accreditation is extensive and requires a great deal of company’s time and assets. There are five significant strides for getting ISO confirmation. ADU started the procedure in December 2008 and finished in January 2010. The procedure included documentation of strategies, documentation of value manual and approaches, correction and endorsement, Internal Auditing and semiannual administration surveys. Effect of gaining ISO affirmation Standards are imperative to partners of an association as they guarantee positive attributes, for example, quality, strength, proficiency, wellbeing and condition kind disposition are strengthened. For occurrences, all the representatives of ADU have an all inclusive comprehension of techniques of different procedures. Likewise, the University will coordinate assets in forms which are globally normal ized henceforth limiting wastage. ISO additionally benefits the network everywhere in light of the fact that there interests are provided food for thus it manufactures their trust in the products.Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More ADU’s Vision, Mission and Values ADU’s Vision 2013: â€Å"Abu Dhabi University is perceived as a national University of decision for quality instruction, applied research that drives territorial financial turn of events, and appreciate global accreditation† (Abu Dhabi University, 2011) ADU’s Mission â€Å"The Mission of ADU is to offer profoundly compensated vocation situated undergrad and postgraduate qualification programs lined up with the necessities of UAE and the area through greatness in educating, understudy learning, personnel grants and engagmnet in network development† (Abu Dhabi University, 2 011) ADU’s Culture and Shared Values â€Å"ADU’s people group is understudy focused, commited to workforce/staff advancement and highly esteems collegiality, comprehensiveness while aware of Arab culture, honesty, value, development, spryness and administration above self† (Abu Dhabi University, 2011) Office answerable for actualizing ISO Execution of ISO guidelines is the obligation of each worker. Notwithstanding, the Executive Director of Quality Institutional Research and system Departement has the essential obligation of actualizing ISO 9001:2008. Affirmation Unit has been asigned the obligation of usage of ISO framework. The Provost is liable for accomplishing and keeping up internationa institutional accredation while the Dean of every school has the essential obligation regarding accomplishing and mainintg singular program global accreditations for all projects in their school where such accreditations exist (Abu Dhabi University, 2011). Following stages Currently, the Univeristy has actualized Balances Scorecards to be utilized for execution appraisal everything being equal. The University ought to broaden estimating for all center procedures, it ought to see self as estimation since scorecards is a perfomance estimation framework that solitary track programs which lead to accomplishing strategis plan. It doesn't evaluate a people commitments towards achiving the vital objectives. References Abu Dhabi University. (2011, November 30). Vision and Beyond. Web.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Total Quality Management in Abu Dhabi University explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Charantimath P. (2006). Prologue to add up to quality administration: Total Quality Management, (3), 1-3. This article on Total Quality Management in Abu Dhabi University was composed and put together by client Joaquin G. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Company Law - Assessment Example

Company Law - Assessment Example Company Law - Assessment â€" Assignment Example > Corporate or company laws are by nature limiting to the stakeholders at hand and at the same time also protecting the interest of stakeholders. This paper presents two cases of simple but important situation that will very clearly define the role of company laws in the relationships of shareholders with regards to their personal interests and preferences as well as changes in situations. As defined, “Corporation Laws, a corporation or a company is an artificial being created by operation of law, having the right of succession and powers, attributes and properties expressly authorized by law or incident to its existence” (De Leon, p. 184). The uniqueness of the two cases presented in this assignment challenges the following specific basic distinctions of being a corporation or a partnership: manner of creation â€" a partnership is created by mere agreement of parties, while a corporation is created by law or by operation of law (Private Corporations, The Corporation Code, B.P. B lg. 68 Section 2, p. 184); powers â€" a partnership may exercise any power authorized by the partners provided it is not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order, or public policy, while a corporation can exercise only the powers expressly granted by law or implied from those granted or incident to its existence (Section 2, p. 190); transferability of interest â€" “in a partnership, a partner cannot transfer his interest in the partnership so as to make the transferee a partner without the consent of all other existing partners because the partnership is based on principle of deltus personarum, while in a stock corporation, a stockholder has the right to transfer his shares without the prior consent of the other stockholders because a corporation is not based on this principle” (Section 2, p. 191). The purpose of this paper is to present necessary evidences, principles and popular or similar cases that can best support my stand as answers of the questions presented. Foremost, to establish the authenticity of corporation laws, this paper shall site the law from the California Corporations Code Section 103: “Every corporation organized under the laws of this state, any other state of the United States or the District of Columbia or under an act of the Congress of the United States, all of the capital stock of which is beneficially owned by the United States, an agency or instrumentality of the United States or any corporation the whole of the capital stock of which is owned by the United States or by an agency or instrumentality of the United States, is conclusively presumed to be an agency and instrumentality of the United States and is entitled to all privileges and immunities to which the holders of all of its stock are entitled as agencies of the United States” (FindLaw For Small Businesses, http: //www. leginfo. ca. gov/cgi-bin/displaycode? section=corp group=00001-01000 file=100-195). Thus, the references shall be in accordance with t he above general provision. In the case of Tony, Gordon and John, due to the personal history between Tony and Gordon, Gordon has desired to alter the company’s articles of association citing the new articles: “Any member who carries on business competing with the company shall be required by the company, by ordinary resolution, to sell his shares to the other members at a fair price to be fixed by the directors” For this to materialize, the following must first be followed as stipulated in Section 15, Incorporation and Organization of Private Corporations: “The original and amended articles together shall contain all provisions required by law to be set out in the articles of incorporation (De Leon 248). Furthermore, Gordon has first to establish these articles according to the process of law: “Such articles, as amended, shall be indicated by underscoring the change or changes made, and a copy thereof, duly certified under oath by the corporate secretary and the majority of the directors or trustees stating the fact that said amendment or amendments have been duly approved by the required vote of the stockholders or members, shall be submitted to the Securities and Exchange commission (249). With this preliminary step, Tony can be advised that before Gordon can proceed with his plan, Gordon must first come up with the required vote of the remaining stockholders or members fore the enactment of the new articles of association.

Sexual Assault Awareness On College Campuses - 1607 Words

Baylee Adair Mrs. Orsini English 4 8 February 2016 Sexual Assault Awareness on College Campuses One out of four women are raped each year on a college campus. College is supposed to be a time for education, freedom, and finding an identity; however, now college women have to worry about being sexually assaulted. As time progresses, the numbers keep increasing of college women being raped. Many rape cases are difficult to prove beyond a reasonable doubt in the justice system and women are not always believed. Nor is our society acknowledging the criminal act of rape as seriously as it should. The after effects of rape are incomprehensible and the scars will be there throughout one s lifetime. All college women should be required to take a self-defense class their freshmen year. By learning self-defense the women could defend themselves against a sexual threat, therefore the amount of sexual assault cases will decrease. Most people think that rape or sexual assault only happens to college women when they are under the influence of substance; however, most of the time that is not the case. Thousands of young college women, especially freshmen, are being raped each year. Statistics show that â€Å"Women ages 16-24 experience rape at rates four times higher than the assault rate of all women. College women are more at risk for rape and other forms of sexual assault than women the same age but not in college,†(Sexual Assault and Rape on U.S. College Campuses). This isShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Sexual Violence On College Campuses883 Words   |  4 Pagesme personally was the section of sexuality and power on U.S. college campuses. As important as sexual awareness is in society, I was not aware of how it affected U.S. college campuses. The college provides the backbone of starting new relationships and expressing sexuality. These new relationships can generate positive attributes, however, wh at has continued to plague schools is the attention that sexual violence has on college campuses. In my opinion, the most important matter addressed while evolvingRead MoreSexual Assault On College Campuses1381 Words   |  6 Pages Sexual assault has been a huge issue for many years on college campuses and universities nation wide. As society has evolved, thoughts on sexual assault have also evolved, becoming more focused on the details of victim treatment than ever before. The topic of sexual assault is debatable and sparks many opinions on weather sexual assault on college campuses is becoming more frequent, or if there is just heightened awareness. Sexual assault can happen to anybody no matter the gender, race, religionRead MoreSexual Assault On College Campuses1441 Words   |  6 PagesSexual Violence on College Campuses Among female college students, 23% said they experienced some form of unwanted sexual contact ranging from kissing, to touching, to rape. All of these females said it was carried out by force or threat of force, or while they were incapacitated because of alcohol or drugs. This data was collected from a survey taken by 150,000 students from 27 different Universities. (Wallace, Kelley, 2105) Sexual assault is sexual contact or behavior that happens without theRead MoreSexual Assault On College Campuses1314 Words   |  6 PagesIn the last few years, the issue of sexual assault on college campuses have been gaining popularity in the public. Campus sexual assault have been a recurring subject throughout history and it seems to only get bigger. People would think that college campuses will be safe due to the advance security on the campus. Hundreds of women and men are sexually assaulted on campus everyday. Many organizations have started to form in order to help victims and prevent such tragic, heinous acts from happeningRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Assault On College Campuses Essay890 Words   |  4 PagesBarack Obama signed the Presidential Memorandum, forming the ‘White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault.’ This task force was established to help decrease sexual assaults in college campuses and create awareness of this little talked about topic. Many college students don’t believe sexual assault is an issue until it happens to them or someone they’re close with. Sexual assault affects the victims by making them feel helpless and causing serious negative effects on their emotionalRead MoreRape Culture Through The Perspective Of Carry That Weight1014 Words   |  5 Pagesand prevent it from continuing for the sake of future generations.ï » ¿ Unfortunately, current college students are victims of university standards that largely fail to protect them. Oftentimes, such as in the case of Emma Sulkowicz, a sen ior at Columbia University, cases of sexual assault are quieted in order to preserve the image of the institution, at the cost of its students’ well being. Yet sexual assault is a common occurrence, particularly among young people today. Emma Sulkowicz was raped duringRead MoreSexual Assault On College Campuses998 Words   |  4 PagesWebster defines sexual assault as an illegal sexual contact that usually involves force upon a person without consent or is inflicted upon a person who is incapable of giving consent or who places the assailant in a position of trust or authority. Most common types of sexual assault are â€Å"acquaintance rape† and â€Å"date rape†, which both take place on college campuses but go unnoticed. There are several incidents that occur on college campuses that students that attend that particular college or universityRead MoreAs I Was Scrolling Through My Facebook Feed, Ignoring Political1126 Words   |  5 Pagessomething caught my ey e. It was a video of students reading their college acceptance letters, I clicked on the video thinking it would put a smile on my face and give me hope for the new generation. I was proved wrong, due to a powerful twist in the video. In the college acceptance letter, the students read about the 1 in 5 chance that they would be raped in college, and how their university would do nothing about it (Facts about Sexual Violence). This did not put a smile on my face, because it broughtRead MoreRape Culture Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesRape culture is prevalent on all college campuses, and many fail to realize this and what rape culture is. It is in the party scene, athletics, in dorm rooms, and everywhere else around campus. It is the acceptance of sexual jokes, saying â€Å"she was asking for it because of what she was wearing,† not taking sexual assault seriously, and so much more. Rape Culture is an environment in which rape is prevalent and in which sexual violence against women is normalized and excused in the media and popularRead MoreSexual Assault On Campus : Opposing Viewpoints Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction to Sexual Assault on Campus: Opposing Viewpoints. Sexual Assault on Campus. Ed. Jack Lasky. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2016. Opposing Viewpoints. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 17 Oct. 2016. The article introduces sexual assault to readers as a problem that is in line with other forms of violence such as domestic violence, dating violence and stalking. It gives a figure of 19% undergraduate women who have reported a complete or attempted sexual assault while in campus

The Term Social Loafing - 1543 Words

Bibib Latane and Kiplin Williams conied the term ‘social loafing’ to describe the idea that people tend to put in less effort when working in groups than when working alone, be it in sports or in academic settings. Now shirking is a term to describe group member who slacks off or avoids working all together based on the fact that he has been put in a group, this essay will try to answer the questions, should shirkers be reported to instructors, and is the group ethically bound to tell the shirker? Is social loafing always shirking, and is social loafing always unethical? This essay will also try to explain how different cultures affect social loafing. Now answers to this questions might vary depending of the moral standing of the person answering as most of the afore-mentioned questions have a little to do with ethics and ethics ven though it has no straight forward meaning most people believe it should be about a sense of what is right and wrong, in order words the mor ality of a person will determine what they think should be ethical or not. Social loafing refers to the concept that people are prone to exert less effort on a task if they are in a group against when they work alone. The idea of working in groups is typically seen as a way to improve the achievement of a task by sharing the skills and abilities of the persons in that group. But, in some groups, there is a tendency on the part of members to contribute less to the group s goal than if they were doing theShow MoreRelatedSocial Loafing and Recommendations on How to Reduce Its Occurrence within Groups Working on University Poster Presentations1286 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Loafing and Recommendations on How to Reduce Its Occurrence within Groups Working on University Poster Presentations Abstract Social loafing occurs in groups and reduces group effectiveness and productivity. Various literatures on social loafing reviewed suggest that the group size, the identifiably of the participants, the evaluation of their performance, people’s beliefs about their feelings of uniqueness, envy, task difficulty, how people’s beliefs about their Read MoreChanges in Human Behavior Based on Social Situations and Its Effects958 Words   |  4 PagesThe study of human interaction is a part of the study of social psychology. How humans interact in social situations has long been an area of much curiosity among people who study human behavior. Do we change when we are in the company of others? Do we conform to certain societal rules even though we may not agree with them? What do we get out of the way that we interact with others acceptance, satisfaction or misery? Undoubtedly, there are cultural factors that play a part in how we act with othersRead MoreSocial Loafing And Conformity Within Teams746 Words   |  3 Pagesor teams. With this in mind, Fischer highlights that teams have a list of negatives also associated with them. A few examples are general dysfunction and disagreement, longer decision-making processes, and social loafing (Fischer, 2012). This paper will address the presence of social loafing and conformity within teams. The Problem Statement: Young Life Volunteer Team Young Life (YL) is a Christian, nondenominational organization that shares the gospel with students of all ages (highRead MoreOrganizational Studies and Human Resource Management and Group1064 Words   |  5 Pages (THIS IS CHAPTER 15 STUDY GUIDE) Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. In terms of group performance, the idea that: the whole is equal to more than the sum of its parts is the fundamental point in the concept of: A. A command group. B. Synergy. C. An interest group. D. A group norm. E. Social loafing. 2. Groups which managers set up to accomplish organizational goals are known as: A. Friendship groups. B. Informal groups. Read MoreThe fundamental attribution The fundamental attribution error plays a main part in our everyday700 Words   |  3 Pagesattribution The fundamental attribution error plays a main part in our everyday lives. The fundamental attribution error is the propensity for viewers to undervalue situational effects and overestimate dispositional impacts upon others actions. In short terms, when a persons behavior is improper, we have a tendency to automatically jump to the assumption that the person has a bad behavior, theyre mean, rude, etc. Not often do we look at the condition that the person may be in whether its work or personalRead MoreSocial Influences on Behavior1114 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Influences on Behavior There are many social influences which have an effect or lasting effect on the behavior of an individual. Within many group scenarios, conformity and obedience play a large role in how people tend to think and behave, especially if they get carried away. Obedience refers to compliance to an authority figure or with others in a group. On the other hand, conformity refers to an individual changing their thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors to accommodate with the standardsRead MoreDisadvantages Of Technology1714 Words   |  7 PagesTech-based learning holds the potential of substantially transforming the way learning takes place because of its numerous qualities. Among these features include accessibility, adaptability, efficiency, approachability, and lastly acceptability in terms of learning. The introduction of TBL is not without its challenges though. Digital learning is the key to a more educated society where the traditional classrooms and teachers will transform into digital cla ssrooms and electronic teachers with no boundsRead More|Curbing Social Loafing in the Retail Environment | |3837 Words   |  16 Pages| | |Curbing Social Loafing in the Retail Environment | | | | | Read MoreOrganizational Behavior and Leadership Essay937 Words   |  4 Pages Norming 4) What defines a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to a person occupying a given position in a social unit? Group role 5) Which type of group is defined by the organizations structure? Formal group 6) Which term describes the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually? Social loafing 7) What is a strength of group decision making? Increased diversity of views 8) Which statement is true about workRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Essay1746 Words   |  7 PagesOrganisational Behaviour as a field of study There are a lot of challenges and opportunities for managers to use OB concepts, and one of these challenges is workforce diversity. Workforce diversity means that organisations are becoming more heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity. It also encompasses each persons uniqueness, experience and personalities that are different but have to be dealt with in the workplace. Employees do not leave their cultural values and lifestyle preferences at home

The Dos and Donts of Essay Samples with an Interview in It

The Do's and Don'ts of Essay Samples with an Interview in It What Essay Samples with an Interview in It Is - and What it Is Not The ideal way to be informed about something is by making the proper preparations. With respect to location, the interview happens in a secluded room away from any sort of distraction and noise. It is possible to write the paper from many of distinct angles, but so long as readers get to understand the individual and understand the dominant impression, you've accomplished your target. There are two methods to compose your paper. Whether you must compose an interview paper to become admitted to the university you want to visit or to apply for your dream job, this is an important step! Which will be part of my next review for a different show. Men and women want to visit interviews open minded and expect to react to different questions regarding their life and career. The Downside Risk of Essay Samples with an Interview in It Next, it's essential to incorporate the vital tips that you have acquired from your interview. As you read the job of different writers, you are going to be in a position to recognize even smaller details that would have eluded you. There are particular things you'll want to do in order to prepare for a great interview. There were lots and a lot of papers. The Good, the Bad and Essay Samples with an Interview in It Prepare yourself to face considerable challenges in the event the topic of your paper is a famous or busy small business person. Sure, you're writing the paper as it's an assignment, and you should write it as a way to pass your class. Based on the freedom you've been given you can select a subject that you're comfortable writing about. The subject is at the crux of your essay the one that you pick will establish the results of the readers' experience. In a case of a profile essay you are able to sum up a paragraph by giving the effect of the details explained. The ideal way to make an intriguing paper is to locate a thriving small business person like Steve Jobs and ask several amazing questions. In reality, you've quite a huge number of strategies to complete your interview paper. Since writing a profile essay can seem to be a tedious activity to some, ensuring that you've got the most suitable info, subject and knowing the right means to write will provide you with a much easier experience. The War Against Essay Samples with an Interview in It Your opening may be suggested by a number of the comments from your interviews or you may want to describe a situation which causes your question. Conclusions An important analysis of the full interview procedure reveals a thriving interview process that went well because of the communication skills of the interviewer and respondent. Since the main purpose of a an interview is the selection of information by usage of question as well as the analysis of non-verbal way of communication, it therefore suggests that the type of question asked will ultimately determine the results of the interview. The following advice will function as a guide for you. The Principles of Essay Samples with an Interview in It You Can Benefit From Starting Right Away Interview essays are written dependent on an interview, performed by the author. You need to understand how to compose an essay and the way to conduct an interview. An interview essay should have a backbone so that it'll be well written and the thoughts which are included within the writing organized. Now you understand how to compose an interview essay of many types. In case you were writing about a personal profile essay example about a celebrity, you ought to make the reader feel pleased with the info you've provided. The body will learn if the reader proceeds to engage in your essay. If you want more help with profile essays, get in contact with us, and we are going to assign a writer that will help you out. The secret to writing an excellent profile essay is to pick a personal profile essay example of an entertaining subject. To get the idea of writing a profile essay, you will have to read the works of individuals who have written successful essays. In an instance of personality profile essay, you may use a brief story or a conversation. Starting with a conversation Is a very good approach to earn your essay captivating. There are lots of drugs in the world these days and having the best knowledge will enable you to recognize how different drugs affect people. Most individuals take drugs voluntarily without a concept of what it is that they do to your brain and total physical wellness. First of all, there's an acute shortage of competent nurses in the medical care market. Specifically, problems like drug shortages like anesthetics can easily be covered by administering different procedures of pain relief and birth induction process in the event of a very distressed mother.

Technical Skills and Learning Theories Accredited Institution

Question: Discuss about the Technical Skills and Learning Theories for Accredited Institution. Answer: After completing Honey and Mumfords Questionnaire and getting the score, I found that I have theorist learning style. This type of learners tries to understand the theory behind any action. They rely on different models, statistics, concepts and fact to get engaged in the learning process. They try to analyze information by theory and come to a conclusion after synthesizing new information into a systematic and logical theory. This report will design a skills teaching programme for this type of learners to get knowledge about the short surgical procedure. It will give them training about short surgical procedure according to the learning style of learner. It will also demonstrate how the program will be useful for the trainee. The skills teaching programme will be based on Kolb's learning cycle. This model will be helpful as it is designed according to a different style of learning. According to Kolb, learning cycle moves around phases like concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation. This means surgical trainee will have to experience surgical procedure, reflect on the experience, deduce ideas regarding change in the surgical practice and then finally implement those changes in next procedure. Different learners will prefer various elements of the cycle. So, Kolb developed Learning Style Inventory (LSI) to maintain reliability and validity of learning according to different learning style. Theorist learner will prefer reflective observation and abstract conceptualization stages (1). Based on pattern of different learning style explained by Kolbs learning cycle, I will teach the theorist learner according to their preferred way of learning. These learners focus on reflective observation and abstract conceptualization. Therefore, my skills teaching programme will use surgical models and surgical evidence to teach them so that they reflect and learn from it. This form of progressive education will help them in attaining a state of equilibrium in surgical skills so that they become proficient in surgical procedures. I will try to give them background information about particular surgical procedure and teach them relevant theories. They will be able to apply these theories during their learning process and in this way they will get actively involved in the process. It will enable them to utilize the information and implement it in their clinical practice (4). The skills teaching programme will teach the learner carpel tunnel release surgery. It is required to treat patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. It is caused by pain in hand due to pressure on the median nerve in the wrist. The skills training programme will first teach learner about carpal tunnel release. A theorist needs to know all the theory and facts behind any surgery. So this knowledge will be essential for them. The median nerves and tendons of finger go through a passage called carpal tunnel in the wrist. As the tunnel is narrow, any swelling affects the nerve and cause pain. The carpal ligament is present at the surface of carpal tunnel. During the surgery, the surgeon requires cutting through the carpal ligament so that more space is created between the nerve and tendons (6). Figure 1: Tranverse carpal release surgery. 11. [Internet]. 2016 [cited 23 July 2016]. Available from: (2016). Aihw.gov.au. Retrieved 22 July 2016, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442455071 The skill programme will teach the correct ways of surgery. It is performed in the following ways: First, numbing medicine should be given before surgery. A small surgical cut is made in the palm near the wrist, and the ligament over the carpal is cut. It serves the purpose of reducing the pressure on the median nerve. Then the skin and tissue are closed with sutures (7). This process is required when other non-surgical treatment options like anti-inflammatory medicines, therapy, shots of corticosteroids medicine, wrist splints, and behavioral changes fail. After the training of surgeons regarding ways to perform carpal tunnel release surgery, it will be necessary to assess motor skills of a surgeon to validate the surgical competency of the learner. Therefore, the competency of learner regarding the surgical procedure will depend on web-based knowledge test on surgical anatomy, surgical steps, the skill of dictating operating report and knowledge of surgical complication (2). A theorist is expected to excel in this test because they tend to learn things only after proper analysis of theories and information on the topic. So it is evident that they would have gained all relevant knowledge about the procedure before performing their first surgery on a patient. The second step will be an assessment of technical skills. This will depend on their level of practice and how far they were successful in performing the surgery. For structured assessment, each trainee surgeon will perform surgery on a cadaver specimen. The proficiency will depend on the time of completion of surgery. This will help in evaluating trainees ability to learn surgical techniques according to assessment tools. Both knowledge and cadaver test will assist in differentiating between a novice surgeon and an accomplished surgeon (7). Accurate training on surgical skill is necessary for satisfactory accreditation and to satisfy the community regarding the safety of the surgical technique. It is important for surgeons to prove their competency skills by the end of training programs. They should have declarative knowledge of surgery which means knowing about technical skills followed by their safe implementation in real clinical situations. The decision to label a surgeon surgically competent' depends on an assessment of record of in-training assessment (RITA) followed by written and oral test (3). However, this is not foolproof as many excel in the test but are technically deficient. It highlights the need for an alternative method of instruction and improving surgical skills and assessment methods (8). A theorist learner will adapt and integrate skill programmes teaching into logical theories. They will benefit extensively from the skill teaching programme. They will analyze patient's problems in a logical way. Even if they fail in initial skill assessment, they will not rest until they hone their skills. They value rationality and logic. They will assimilate each element of skill teaching programs and frequently question themselves like how does this step fit into my surgical practice?','what are the basic assumptions of the process?'. They always seek logical ways to solve problems and their effort is on maximizing certainty. Groat and Musson framework of learning style will be beneficial for such persons, and they will prefer challenging explanation of operation to debate the plan of action (5). They will benefits from skill programme as they will try to learn better from training and facts. Reference Caulley L, Wadey V, Freeman R. Learning styles of first-year orthopedic surgical residents at 1 accredited institution. Journal of surgical education. 2012 Apr 30;69(2):196-200.Dougherty P, Kasten SJ, Reynolds RK, Prince ME, Lypson ML. Intraoperative assessment of residents. Journal of graduate medical education. 2013 Jun;5(2):333-4.Ghaderi I, Manji F, Park YS, Juul D, Ott M, Harris I, Farrell TM. 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