About the Pendentive in Architecture and Engineering

A pendentive is a triangular piece beneath a dome that allows the dome to rise high above the floor. Usually ornamented and four to a dome, pendentives make the dome appear as if its hanging in the air, like a pendent. The word is from the Latin pendens meaning hanging.   Pendentives are used for stabilizing a round dome on a square frame, resulting in enormous interior open space beneath the dome. The Dictionary of Architecture and Construction defines a pendentive as One of a set of curved wall surfaces which form a transition between a dome (or its drum) and the supporting masonry. Architectural historian G. E. Kidder Smith has defined the pendentive as A triangular spheroid section used to effect the transition from a square or polygonal base to a dome above. How did early structural engineers design round domes to be supported over square buildings? Beginning in about A.D. 500, builders began using pendentives to create additional height and carry the weight of domes in early Christian architecture of the Byzantine era. Dont worry if you just cant visualize this engineering. It took civilization hundreds of years to figure out the geometry and physics. Pendentives are significant in the history of architecture because they defined a new engineering technique that allowed interior domes to rise to new heights. Pendentives alsocreated a geometrically interesting interior space to be ornamented. Four pendentive areas could tell a visual story. More than anything, however, pendentives tell the real story of architecture. Architecture is about solving problems. For early Christians the problem was how to create soaring interiors that expresses mans adoration of God. Architecture also evolves over time. We say that architects build on each others discoveries, which makes the art and craft an iterative process. Many, many domes fell down into a crumble of ruin before the mathematics of geometry solved the problem. Pendentives allowed domes to soar and gave artists another canvas — the triangular pendentive became a defined, framed space. The Geometry of Pendentives Although Romans experimented with pendentives early on, the structural use of pendentives was an Eastern idea for Western architecture. It was not until the Byzantine period and under the Eastern Empire that the enormous structural possibilities of the pendentive were appreciated, writes Professor Talbot Hamlin, FAIA. To support a dome over the corners of a square room, builders realized that the diameter of the dome had to equal the diagonal of the room and not its width. Professor Hamlin explains: To understand the form of a pendentive, it is only necessary to place half an orange with its flat side down on a plate and cut equal portions vertically off the sides. What is left of the original hemisphere is called a pendentive dome. Each vertical cut will be in the shape of a semicircle. Sometimes these semicircles were built as independent arches to support the upper spherical surface of the dome. If the top of the orange is cut off horizontally at the height of the top of these semicircles, the traingular pieces still left will be exactly the shape of pendentives. This new circle can be made the base for a new complete dome, or a vertical cylinder can be built upon it to support another dome higher up. — Talbot Hamlin Summary: The Pendentive Look Sixth Century, Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey, Salvator Barki/Moment/Getty Images 18th Century, Paris Pantheon, Chesnot/Getty Images 18th Century, St. Pauls Cathedral Dome, London, Peter Adams/Getty Images 18th Century, Mission Church in Concà ¡, Arroyo Seco, Querà ©taro, Mexico, AlejandroLinaresGarcia via Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Sources Source Book of American Architecture, G. E. Kidder Smith, Princeton Architectural Press, 1996, p. 646Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Cyril M. Harris, ed., McGraw- Hill, 1975, p. 355Architecture through the Ages by Talbot Hamlin, Putnam, Revised 1953, pp. 229-230

Overview of the Organization, Big Brothers Big Sisters of...

Big Brother Big Sister New York Introduction Big Brothers Big Sisters of New York is a non-profit organization who has a main mission to help children and adolescents achieve their potential dreams through professional support, person-to-person relationship with mentors. The mentors try to make it their goal to make a measurable impact on children and adolescents. It is one of the largest organizations that mentor children and adolescents from all communities. Big brother Big Sister mentoring programs have several chapters such as community-based mentoring, work place mentoring, school-based mentoring, and specialized mentoring. The most effective and influential of the mentoring programs is the community-based mentoring program. This is because it covers a wider population of the community, which involves children and adolescents (Grossman and Tierney). The Big Brother Big Sister mentoring program is effective in many communities because it has a positive effect on youth (adolescents) aged 10-16 years. They are tr ained on life skills that cover every aspect of their lives in future. It more likely that a youth who has participated in the Big Brother Big Sister program will not be involved in using illegal drugs or alcohol, skip school or start a fight with someone. It also makes them confident about their performances in school and at home and learns to develop health and steady relationships with people. 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Black Manhood Essay Research Paper ROBERT CLINEThe free essay sample

Black Manhood Essay, Research Paper ROBERT CLINE The Explosion of Wall Street, September 16th 1920 from 3 different positions. Reporting from Wall Street Live: John Jackson, Lady s A ; Gentlemen an detonation exterior the frontage of the Barclays Bank edifice merely earlier 5 ante meridiem quivered downtown Wall Street directing dust of glass lavishing down on the intersection of Water Street. I spoke with New York City Police Chief of Detectives William Allee and he said, # 8220 ; An explosive device broke Windowss at Barclays Bank and windows across the street # 8230 ; One individual was injured from the blast, but was treated at Downtown Beekman Hospital and released. # 8221 ; Afterward, the constabulary tagged the device # 8220 ; an jury-rigged explosive device, # 8221 ; but wouldn Ts say if it was a family mechanism. Allee said the New York City Police Department, the FBI and New York State Police have focused their efforts to happen a 5-foot 10-inch, 220-pound adult male dressed in a tan building coat that was seen outside 75 Wall St. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Manhood Essay Research Paper ROBERT CLINEThe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page about the clip of the detonation. Barclays Bank is non noting on the incident other than to province that Barclays owns the edifice but doesn T sustain offices at that place. I spoke with a spokeswoman and informed me those two renters in the edifice including Dresdner Bank and J.P. Morgan. There is no hint that the blast has any connexion with Dresdner said a bank female interpreter from Frankfurt, Germany. Bank processs in the edifice include Dresdner # 8217 ; s trading floor and other installations as good. The spokeswoman stated that she couldn t give any other information at the clip. One of J.P. Morgan s functionaries replied that Mr. Morgan has some employees that have been rerouted to another 1 of Mr. Morgan s offices and stated the bank is working # 8220 ; concern as usual. # 8221 ; Bomb-smelling cur and representatives from the Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms bureau have closed seeking the country and found nil. The constabularies say the country is now safe. Employees are now being permitted into the entryway on 75th Wall St. , but are being accompanied by constabulary bulls through a secondary entryway. Streets are blocked off in the parametric quantities between Pearl, Front, Wall and Greenwich streets. I spoke with a gentleman functionary at a corner base and he stated he was stacking doughnuts when the detonation occurred. # 8220 ; I figured it was a elephantine banger, # 8221 ; stated gentleman who decline vitamin D to give his given name. He ended the conversation with, â€Å"I didn’t travel out because I was scared.† I besides spoke with Dennis Theodore and he said he heard the blast during his regular work on his 5th floor office at 110th Wall St. He stated, â€Å"My Windowss shook. The whole edifice shook, and I knew it was a bomb right away.† I found out that this would be Theodore’s 2nd onslaught in five old ages. This 43 twelvemonth old from Middle Village Queens, adult male was on a metro auto near Fulton St. about five old ages ago when a bomb exploded in one of the train autos. The blast is the first in history in the lower Manhattan country that was so destructive of all time. I m seeing following door the mammoth Fe bars across the Assay Office s Windowss twisted. The Stock Exchange s large Windowss shattered onto the trading floor. The consequence of the blast caused the Trinity Church to tremble and thirty people died immediately because of rocks falling and some mere vermilion discolorations on the paving. A adult female s caput still have oning a chapeau is wedged to 23 Wall s fa fruit drink. A courier ballad decapitated with a bundle of securities firing in his manus. Besides a clerk ballad eyeless with his pess gone really exhausted. I figure about two 100s are hurt with the exclusion of the 10 who were merely found dead. To the left of me a hoof of on of the Equus caballuss that are soaking in a pool blood. Another on site informant remembered how the pool had glistened in the sunbeams. There are crowds of unharmed people environing the shambles even though stepping on the dead to see good. Other information on the detonation of Wall St. the Stock Exchange s president stated he walked at a good pace to the bathroom because running is forbidden on the trading floor. While he rang the tam-tam to stop the twenty-four hours s trading. The Curb Exchange agents transacted commercialism on the Broad St. walkway about 200 pess south of Wall St. Less officially suspended when the agents ran off. The constabulary and firemen are here cleaning up things seeking to acquire order. Half a twelve bulls with their guns drawn took station before the Assay Office and Sub exchequer. Forty proceedingss after the blast federal soldiers from the Governor s Island barracks arrived with they re rifles filled and lances fixed were double-timing into Wall St. Beginnings: www.yahoo.com ; 1920 detonation. www.msn.com ; Wall St. Bombing of 1920. Microfilm-September 16th 1920. Bombing of the Wall St. Market.

Rock Music and Successful Hit Concerts free essay sample

This wouldnt have been possible if that sudden incident didnt happen. My life changed within seconds after that incident occurred. Was a member of a music band in London. Am blessed with a great source of knowledge in music. I had an ordinary job in the band which was to work under the lead singer of the band. I helped him with creating the background music and chorus. We were the rising stars of London after giving a few successful hit concerts and shows. It was 14th Deck 2004, and we were on one of our biggest concerts ever.The show was moving very smooth and it was very successful the halfway until an interruption occurred. The lead singer of our band got attacked by a sudden mind stroke. He was not able to sing and had to stop in between the concert. The interruption caused the audience to react harshly. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock Music and Successful Hit Concerts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They threw stuffs on the stage. It could have ruin all the image which we had built in the past few years. This failure could destroy everything. All our preparations could have gone in vain. Suddenly, one of my team member forced me to continue the song which the lead singer had en singing. Despite refusing, I had to face the audience. My team members had confidence on me. They trust me and forced me to sing. I gave all my efforts and continued the show. My voice made the audience groove to it. I rocked the stage. The hidden talent of mine showed up that day. I was proven as a great singer and was very much appreciated by the audience. The show was a big hit. I never felt such grace and charm in my voice ever before. The obstacles which occurred during the show couldnt harm anything.As soon as he show ended, I realized that my fan following was at the top in the list. People were crazy to meet me and hear me. The concert was the starting of my career. Was soon chosen as the lead singer of the band and became one of the best bands of London. That incident changed my life. Things got better and better day by day. I became a famous Star from an ordinary person. It was probably the best thing that had ever happened to me and I will always be grateful to Allah for making such a humongous change in my life.