About the Pendentive in Architecture and Engineering

A pendentive is a triangular piece beneath a dome that allows the dome to rise high above the floor. Usually ornamented and four to a dome, pendentives make the dome appear as if its hanging in the air, like a pendent. The word is from the Latin pendens meaning hanging.   Pendentives are used for stabilizing a round dome on a square frame, resulting in enormous interior open space beneath the dome. The Dictionary of Architecture and Construction defines a pendentive as One of a set of curved wall surfaces which form a transition between a dome (or its drum) and the supporting masonry. Architectural historian G. E. Kidder Smith has defined the pendentive as A triangular spheroid section used to effect the transition from a square or polygonal base to a dome above. How did early structural engineers design round domes to be supported over square buildings? Beginning in about A.D. 500, builders began using pendentives to create additional height and carry the weight of domes in early Christian architecture of the Byzantine era. Dont worry if you just cant visualize this engineering. It took civilization hundreds of years to figure out the geometry and physics. Pendentives are significant in the history of architecture because they defined a new engineering technique that allowed interior domes to rise to new heights. Pendentives alsocreated a geometrically interesting interior space to be ornamented. Four pendentive areas could tell a visual story. More than anything, however, pendentives tell the real story of architecture. Architecture is about solving problems. For early Christians the problem was how to create soaring interiors that expresses mans adoration of God. Architecture also evolves over time. We say that architects build on each others discoveries, which makes the art and craft an iterative process. Many, many domes fell down into a crumble of ruin before the mathematics of geometry solved the problem. Pendentives allowed domes to soar and gave artists another canvas — the triangular pendentive became a defined, framed space. The Geometry of Pendentives Although Romans experimented with pendentives early on, the structural use of pendentives was an Eastern idea for Western architecture. It was not until the Byzantine period and under the Eastern Empire that the enormous structural possibilities of the pendentive were appreciated, writes Professor Talbot Hamlin, FAIA. To support a dome over the corners of a square room, builders realized that the diameter of the dome had to equal the diagonal of the room and not its width. Professor Hamlin explains: To understand the form of a pendentive, it is only necessary to place half an orange with its flat side down on a plate and cut equal portions vertically off the sides. What is left of the original hemisphere is called a pendentive dome. Each vertical cut will be in the shape of a semicircle. Sometimes these semicircles were built as independent arches to support the upper spherical surface of the dome. If the top of the orange is cut off horizontally at the height of the top of these semicircles, the traingular pieces still left will be exactly the shape of pendentives. This new circle can be made the base for a new complete dome, or a vertical cylinder can be built upon it to support another dome higher up. — Talbot Hamlin Summary: The Pendentive Look Sixth Century, Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey, Salvator Barki/Moment/Getty Images 18th Century, Paris Pantheon, Chesnot/Getty Images 18th Century, St. Pauls Cathedral Dome, London, Peter Adams/Getty Images 18th Century, Mission Church in Concà ¡, Arroyo Seco, Querà ©taro, Mexico, AlejandroLinaresGarcia via Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Sources Source Book of American Architecture, G. E. Kidder Smith, Princeton Architectural Press, 1996, p. 646Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Cyril M. Harris, ed., McGraw- Hill, 1975, p. 355Architecture through the Ages by Talbot Hamlin, Putnam, Revised 1953, pp. 229-230

Overview of the Organization, Big Brothers Big Sisters of...

Big Brother Big Sister New York Introduction Big Brothers Big Sisters of New York is a non-profit organization who has a main mission to help children and adolescents achieve their potential dreams through professional support, person-to-person relationship with mentors. The mentors try to make it their goal to make a measurable impact on children and adolescents. It is one of the largest organizations that mentor children and adolescents from all communities. Big brother Big Sister mentoring programs have several chapters such as community-based mentoring, work place mentoring, school-based mentoring, and specialized mentoring. The most effective and influential of the mentoring programs is the community-based mentoring program. This is because it covers a wider population of the community, which involves children and adolescents (Grossman and Tierney). The Big Brother Big Sister mentoring program is effective in many communities because it has a positive effect on youth (adolescents) aged 10-16 years. They are tr ained on life skills that cover every aspect of their lives in future. It more likely that a youth who has participated in the Big Brother Big Sister program will not be involved in using illegal drugs or alcohol, skip school or start a fight with someone. It also makes them confident about their performances in school and at home and learns to develop health and steady relationships with people. 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Black Manhood Essay Research Paper ROBERT CLINEThe free essay sample

Black Manhood Essay, Research Paper ROBERT CLINE The Explosion of Wall Street, September 16th 1920 from 3 different positions. Reporting from Wall Street Live: John Jackson, Lady s A ; Gentlemen an detonation exterior the frontage of the Barclays Bank edifice merely earlier 5 ante meridiem quivered downtown Wall Street directing dust of glass lavishing down on the intersection of Water Street. I spoke with New York City Police Chief of Detectives William Allee and he said, # 8220 ; An explosive device broke Windowss at Barclays Bank and windows across the street # 8230 ; One individual was injured from the blast, but was treated at Downtown Beekman Hospital and released. # 8221 ; Afterward, the constabulary tagged the device # 8220 ; an jury-rigged explosive device, # 8221 ; but wouldn Ts say if it was a family mechanism. Allee said the New York City Police Department, the FBI and New York State Police have focused their efforts to happen a 5-foot 10-inch, 220-pound adult male dressed in a tan building coat that was seen outside 75 Wall St. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Manhood Essay Research Paper ROBERT CLINEThe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page about the clip of the detonation. Barclays Bank is non noting on the incident other than to province that Barclays owns the edifice but doesn T sustain offices at that place. I spoke with a spokeswoman and informed me those two renters in the edifice including Dresdner Bank and J.P. Morgan. There is no hint that the blast has any connexion with Dresdner said a bank female interpreter from Frankfurt, Germany. Bank processs in the edifice include Dresdner # 8217 ; s trading floor and other installations as good. The spokeswoman stated that she couldn t give any other information at the clip. One of J.P. Morgan s functionaries replied that Mr. Morgan has some employees that have been rerouted to another 1 of Mr. Morgan s offices and stated the bank is working # 8220 ; concern as usual. # 8221 ; Bomb-smelling cur and representatives from the Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms bureau have closed seeking the country and found nil. The constabularies say the country is now safe. Employees are now being permitted into the entryway on 75th Wall St. , but are being accompanied by constabulary bulls through a secondary entryway. Streets are blocked off in the parametric quantities between Pearl, Front, Wall and Greenwich streets. I spoke with a gentleman functionary at a corner base and he stated he was stacking doughnuts when the detonation occurred. # 8220 ; I figured it was a elephantine banger, # 8221 ; stated gentleman who decline vitamin D to give his given name. He ended the conversation with, â€Å"I didn’t travel out because I was scared.† I besides spoke with Dennis Theodore and he said he heard the blast during his regular work on his 5th floor office at 110th Wall St. He stated, â€Å"My Windowss shook. The whole edifice shook, and I knew it was a bomb right away.† I found out that this would be Theodore’s 2nd onslaught in five old ages. This 43 twelvemonth old from Middle Village Queens, adult male was on a metro auto near Fulton St. about five old ages ago when a bomb exploded in one of the train autos. The blast is the first in history in the lower Manhattan country that was so destructive of all time. I m seeing following door the mammoth Fe bars across the Assay Office s Windowss twisted. The Stock Exchange s large Windowss shattered onto the trading floor. The consequence of the blast caused the Trinity Church to tremble and thirty people died immediately because of rocks falling and some mere vermilion discolorations on the paving. A adult female s caput still have oning a chapeau is wedged to 23 Wall s fa fruit drink. A courier ballad decapitated with a bundle of securities firing in his manus. Besides a clerk ballad eyeless with his pess gone really exhausted. I figure about two 100s are hurt with the exclusion of the 10 who were merely found dead. To the left of me a hoof of on of the Equus caballuss that are soaking in a pool blood. Another on site informant remembered how the pool had glistened in the sunbeams. There are crowds of unharmed people environing the shambles even though stepping on the dead to see good. Other information on the detonation of Wall St. the Stock Exchange s president stated he walked at a good pace to the bathroom because running is forbidden on the trading floor. While he rang the tam-tam to stop the twenty-four hours s trading. The Curb Exchange agents transacted commercialism on the Broad St. walkway about 200 pess south of Wall St. Less officially suspended when the agents ran off. The constabulary and firemen are here cleaning up things seeking to acquire order. Half a twelve bulls with their guns drawn took station before the Assay Office and Sub exchequer. Forty proceedingss after the blast federal soldiers from the Governor s Island barracks arrived with they re rifles filled and lances fixed were double-timing into Wall St. Beginnings: www.yahoo.com ; 1920 detonation. www.msn.com ; Wall St. Bombing of 1920. Microfilm-September 16th 1920. Bombing of the Wall St. Market.

Rock Music and Successful Hit Concerts free essay sample

This wouldnt have been possible if that sudden incident didnt happen. My life changed within seconds after that incident occurred. Was a member of a music band in London. Am blessed with a great source of knowledge in music. I had an ordinary job in the band which was to work under the lead singer of the band. I helped him with creating the background music and chorus. We were the rising stars of London after giving a few successful hit concerts and shows. It was 14th Deck 2004, and we were on one of our biggest concerts ever.The show was moving very smooth and it was very successful the halfway until an interruption occurred. The lead singer of our band got attacked by a sudden mind stroke. He was not able to sing and had to stop in between the concert. The interruption caused the audience to react harshly. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock Music and Successful Hit Concerts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They threw stuffs on the stage. It could have ruin all the image which we had built in the past few years. This failure could destroy everything. All our preparations could have gone in vain. Suddenly, one of my team member forced me to continue the song which the lead singer had en singing. Despite refusing, I had to face the audience. My team members had confidence on me. They trust me and forced me to sing. I gave all my efforts and continued the show. My voice made the audience groove to it. I rocked the stage. The hidden talent of mine showed up that day. I was proven as a great singer and was very much appreciated by the audience. The show was a big hit. I never felt such grace and charm in my voice ever before. The obstacles which occurred during the show couldnt harm anything.As soon as he show ended, I realized that my fan following was at the top in the list. People were crazy to meet me and hear me. The concert was the starting of my career. Was soon chosen as the lead singer of the band and became one of the best bands of London. That incident changed my life. Things got better and better day by day. I became a famous Star from an ordinary person. It was probably the best thing that had ever happened to me and I will always be grateful to Allah for making such a humongous change in my life.

Mankind, Humankind, and Gender

Mankind, Humankind, and Gender Mankind, Humankind, and Gender Mankind, Humankind, and Gender By Maeve Maddox A reader takes me to task for not having used â€Å"gender neutral language† in a recent post: In your definition of eschatology you use the word mankind. You run a writing website, please use gender neutral language please, it isn’t that difficult. My views on gendered language are perhaps too loose to meet the more extreme requirements of political correctness. For example, I don’t see anything wrong with using the word mankind in the sense of â€Å"all human beings living on the earth.† As I understand the word, it comes from an Old English construct in which man means person. I do not countenance words like poetess and authoress, which I believe convey a sense of condescension. I condemn the expression â€Å"woman doctor† used to indicate the gender of the doctor rather than the doctor’s medical specialty. On the other hand, words like chairperson strike me as faintly absurd. And efforts to translate the Bible into â€Å"gender neutral language† seem rather misdirected, considering the patriarchal viewpoint of the content. I suppose that I was supposed to substitute humankind for mankind. I don’t see the point. The word human derives from the Latin word for â€Å"man†: homo, There was an Old English cognate, guma (pl. guman), that also meant â€Å"man.† It survives in our word bridegroom, â€Å"the bride’s man.† Excessive concern over â€Å"gender neutral language† frequently results in unidiomatic English and/or unnecessary transformations of useful and innocuous words. This is a writing site, but it is also a blog. Readers have to expect that some opinion will inform the posts. I feel an obligation to verify my discussions of standard usage by consulting the OED, the Chicago Manual of Style, and other recognized authorities. In the matter of what does and doesn’t count as â€Å"gender neutral language,† however, I feel no compulsion to buy into the world of Chairperson Greenspan and Every man and woman for him or herself. I don’t happen to see every word with a syllable spelled m-a-n as an affront to womankind. (Should we still be using the word woman?) In my opinion, humankind is no more â€Å"gender neutral† than mankind. Both mean exactly the same thing, and both derive from the word â€Å"man.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite AdjectivesAwoken or Awakened?How to Treat Names of Groups and Organizations

Writing a Memoir from Occupied Palestine

Writing a Memoir from Occupied Palestine In Gaza, I Dare to Dream: Writing a Memoir from Occupied Palestine Rana Shubair is a writer from Palestine specializing in English language training, testing, and translation. Her first book, In Gaza I Dare to Dream, is a powerful memoir detailing everyday life within the Gaza Blockade.I discovered my passion for writing at the age of 12. I'd buy a stack of paper and sit at the back of the school auditorium, scribbling down my thoughts. As a babysitter, I would write poetry for hours, long after putting the child to bed. It was a way of collecting my thoughts; I could express my feelings, if only to a diary. Over the years, I bought many locked diaries and wrote in them every day. It was my retreat, my passion, and my remedy.My country has been a place of turmoil for the past 68 years. Denied basic human rights like freedom of movement and access to proper medical care, the daily struggles we Palestinians endure under the Occupation is almost unbearable. In the city of Gaza, we have been under an Israeli-imposed siege for ten whole years now, locked in a big open-air prison and denied a normal life.   These harsh conditions pushed me to voice my thoughts, igniting a desire to speak to the outside world.I can't end this post without mentioning my book and cover designer, Domini Dragoone. What I loved most about her was her sincerity and enthusiasm for my project and the help she gave me beyond her design work.   Here is what she had to say about my manuscript: "I'm very moved by your book and hope it gets into the hands of many readers; I feel like your story has the power to inspire such compassion and understanding, both things that the world can use a lot more of! I don't always get to work on projects with topics that I care about a great deal, so it has been a treat to work on a book that feels very important".Now having published my first book,In Gaza I Dare to Dream, I'm happy to say that one of my dreams has come true. And I couldn’t have done it without the help of some great people.In Gaza I Dare to Dream  is  available on Amazon  for Kindle and Paperback.

Globalization with Dr. Najib Hourani Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Globalization with Dr. Najib Hourani - Essay Example The forces of globalization include international commerce and finance, travel and tourism, transnational migration, the media and various high-tech information flows (Nanda & Warms 5). The three dominant views on the historical analysis of globalization include the skeptics who argue that globalization is not so quite a novel phenomenon, the hyper-globalists who do not deny the importance of previous bouts of globalization, but ascertain a historical juncture after ,which contemporary globalization emerged, and the transformationalists who argue that globalizationis the major force underlying the rapid, widespread social, political and economicchanges that are currently restructuring modern societies andthe world order. Globalization increases economic growth, sadly, also inequality. It may be termed as beneficial in the medium term, but harmful in the long run when neo-colonialism starts to factor in (Kottak 5). The phrase, â€Å"the white man’s burden† is used to describe the psychological conception that colonizing countries could bring non-colonized countries and cultures to a much better and superior lifestyle through the displacement and replacement of their customs and traditions. Colonizing nations believed that it was their obligation enlighten these â€Å"non-civilized† countries about the goodness that comes with western civilization, obviously an assumption. Based on Gandhi, the movie, it may be somewhat evident that the Indian nationals may have been more civilized than most of their British oppressors. With the aim of trying to self-preserve the Indian people, Gandhi often undermined this reality. He however enlightened his people that it was very much possible to remain true to one’s own culturedespite the predetermined effects of colonialism (Nanda & Warms 6). The difference between colonialism and globalization is that colonialism aims at completely eradicating the traditions of a

The Warming of the Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Warming of the Earth - Essay Example With the millions of people that call Earth 'home', the condition of the planet is one that many have sought to gather more information about, in order to understand the degree in which the planet may be in peril, as well as to what degree human actions would be responsible for it. "Throughout Earth's history, the climate has varied on many time and space scales. In that sense, climatic change is not new, and humanity has had to adapt to a constantly changing climate. Human action has itself had an impact on that climate. Until recently, the impact was local, but now there is concern that human activity, primarily through the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, is leading to a world-wide climatic change which is more rapid and more extreme than any encountered during human history," (Robinson & Henderson-Sellers, p.267). While the extent at which the climate of the planet has varied, so has the impact of its inhabitants. As humans increase their usage of such resources, the rate of global warming is steadily increasing, in conjunction with such behavior patterns. As is the case with many di

Foreign Market Entry and Diversification Essay Example for Free

Foreign Market Entry and Diversification Essay Create An Argument For Diversification Of Your Business That Will Be Presented To The Board Of Directors Or Business Investors. Diversification is going to be the key to the longevity of our label. Our smallest competitors, Simply Fashion and Cato, offer shoes and accessories; while our largest competitors, Lane Bryant and Avenue have begun to offer minimal exercise wear. â€Å"†¦diversifying entrants pose a bigger threat in increasing rivalry and challenging incumbents’ market share†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Klein Lien, 2009, p. 299). Right now, Lane Bryant is the leader in diversified product lines, although our competitors offer a variety of products in plus size fashion. Our company will improve on quality in order to become a threat to the competitors. If we do not diversify, we will quickly become irrelevant in the market, like our smaller competitors. If we plan to succeed and increase longevity we must diversify and improve upon what our competitors offer. Develop A Strategy For Diversification Indicating The Products And Industries For The Diversification And How Synergies May Be Gained From The Diversified Activity. As a way to increase popularity and customer base loyalty, marketing, research and development will work with designers and distributors on a costume accessories line for plus size women. Currently plus size women are hard pressed to find bracelets for the larger wrist, rings for the larger finger and necklaces that fall where they are supposed to. Lane Bryant is the leader in accessories but they are extremely expensive at twenty to thirty dollars for a ring or bracelet. Costume jewelry is not an item that is meant to last forever. Metals tarnish, plastic’s color fades after repeated use. Our company can come in and offer the correct size accessories at the correct price. Claire’s is a leading accessories line for average women. They are successful because they offer an extremely wide variety of accessories at varying price levels but they do not have many pieces for larger fit. They do offer extenders for necklaces and some bracelets but the extenders are generic and most times do not match the jewelry purchased. We see a synergy with them as a way of increasing sales and market for both companies. Another area for diversification is the exercise clothing line. Collaboration with Weight Watchers or Jenny Craig will put us ahead of our biggest competitor. The need for properly fitted, comfortable exercise clothing is great enough for our company to corner this market. The collaboration will give the weight losing industry a chance to enter another market. Identify And Discuss The Foreign Market That The Company Should Enter And Discuss The Strategy It Should Use To Enter The Market. According to the demographic population statistics of 2011, pu blished by MINTEL (Mintel Group Ltd., 2011), England has the next highest population of plus size women. Almost 25% of the women wear size 18 and over. Nearly 40% of the female population in the UK wears size 16 and over. With these demographics, our company plans to enter the global market in those countries. They have seen an increase in the sale of plus size clothing but the numbers are still small, leaving the industry open for infiltration. Plus size attire only accounted for 17% of total women’s clothing sales in the European market in 2011. The strategy for entering the market will start with opening the online boutiques. As popularity increases we can look into established a brick and mortar location. The store will be a representation of our American locations but also blend with the local atmosphere. â€Å"Purchasing locally [is] a key strategy as it pleases the local authorities and meets the needs of the local consumers. European retailers are more likely to export retail formats that add value by catering to the needs and tastes of the local market, they are likely to enter foreign markets that are developing and are likely to scale up profitably, keeping pace with the economic development of the market place† (Bell, Lal, Salmon, 2004, p. 312). We will establish relationships with local designers and fabric retailers. The building of this relationship will help us gain trust and loyalty within the local economy. Discuss The Challenges That Company May Face In The Foreign Market, And How It Might Respond Strategically To Minimize The Impact Of These Challenges. Even though all the research shows the industry being ripe for new entries, the target market is a challenge. Plus size women don’t necessarily want to be plus size women. The ones who wear sizes under 18 will shop in regular stores if possible because once they start shopping in a specialty store they have to admit facts to themselves that they may not want to address. Plus size figures are not always bigger replicas of the average sized female. With being larger there sometimes are different shapes that have to be accounted for when buying clothing. The best way to combat that would be to align ourselves with the different coalitions that are forming in the European to help understand and beat obesity. We could donate time, supplies and some proceeds from special campaigns to their cause. Our company will avoid being seen as an enabler to obesity. â€Å"Obesity and overweight among children in Europe is also associated with the socio-economic status of their parents, especially their mothers. Furthermore, cross-country comparisons show the prevalence of childhood overweight is linked to a Member State’s degree of income inequality or relative poverty† (Robertson, Lobstein, Knai, 2007, p. 9). Since studies have shown that obesity is mostly a socioeconomic problem, we can take on a â€Å"Be Beautiful Being You† motto. We can work with local groups and organizations to bring awareness to the community. Helping to create positive self-image and awareness of affordable healthy choices will be a goal of our compa ny. Create A Scenario When It Would Not Make Sense For The Company To Diversify Or Expand Into A Foreign Market. Provide Support For Your Rationale. The clothing industry as a whole has been branching into China because of their expanding economy and large population. According to Business of Fashion, China has seen a 33% increase in the purchasing of luxury fashion goods (Harilela, 2012). Normally, this would make it a prime target for global expansion for our company. However, China is country where our company would not likely prosper. China has only seen an increase in waistlines in the past few decades. Even with the increase in size, the numbers are enough to validate entry into their economy. â€Å"The obese are roughly one out of 70 people in China, as opposed to one out of three in America† (Suarez, 2010) Even though those statistics are from 2010, they still warn against expansion into their market. Assess How The Company Will Create A Business Environment Conducive To Ethical Behavior. Ethical business practices will start in upper management and pass down to lower level employees. The company handbook will have a section on the importance of ethical policies and how to conduct business as such. Employee interactions will involve speaking truthfully, taking responsibility for one’s actions and learning to be upfront about opinions. Customer service ethical standards will include providing quality products at fair pricing, being honest about features of the clothing and the floor sales clerk will not be allowed to give judgment on customer apparel choices. Employees will be encouraged and required to report safety issues, theft, harassment issues or any other work related problem. Our company will be committed to conducting business in a way that meets the needs of our present market goals without compromising the company brand image. Works Cited Bell, D. E., Lal, R., Salmon, W. J. (2004). Globalization of Retailing. In J. A. Quelch, The Global Market: Developing a Strategy to Manage Across Borders (pp. 290-312). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Harilela, D. (2012, April 8). The Top 20 Movers, Shakers and Decision-Makers in China Fashion. Retrieved from The Business of Fashion: http://www.businessoffashion.com/2012/04/the-top-20-movers-shakers-and-decision-makers-in-china-fashion-2.html Klein, P. G., Lien, L. B. (2009). Diversification, Industry, Structure, and Firm Strategy: An Organizational Economics Perspective. Economic Institutions of Strategy Advance in Strategic Management, 299. Mintel Group Ltd. (2011). Fifth of Brits are Plus Size but clothing selection is thin on the ground. Mintel Group Ltd. Robertson, A., Lobstein, T., Knai, C. (2007). Obesity and socio-economic groups in Europe: Evidence. European Commission. Suarez, R. (2010, June 1). Reporters Notebook: Obesity on the Rise in China. Retrieved from PBS News Hour: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2010/06/reporters-notebook-obesity-rising-in-china.html

Dmitri Shostakovich and the Soviet State Essay -- Soviet History

Dmitri Shostakovich was one of the most celebrated composers of the 20th century. He achieved fame, but with much hardship along the way. He was censored and threatened with not only his life but that of his wife and children by playing the role of a public figure in Soviet Russia. The question is was he a committed communist or a victim? The events in his life, good or bad, shaped the music that he created and led to one of the greatest symphonies of the 20th century, his Fifth Symphony. Born in Saint Petersburg, Russia on September 25, 1906, Shostakovich was the second of three children born to Dmitri Boleslavovich Shostakovich and Sofiya Vasilievna Kokoulina. His father was of Polish descent but both his parents were Siberian natives. Dmitri was a child prodigy as a pianist and composer. He began taking piano lessons from his mother at the age of nine. He displayed an incredible talent to remember what his mother had played at the previous lesson and would get caught pretending to read the music, playing the music from his last lesson instead of what was placed in front of him. In 1919, at the age of thirteen, he was allowed to enter the Petrograd Conservatory in Saint Petersburg and studied piano with Leonid Nikolayev. Because the conservatory was poorly funded, it did not have heat; the students had to wear coats, hats and gloves constantly only taking off their gloves when composing. Because of these poor living conditions Dmitri developed tuberculosis of the lymph glands in spring 1923 and had to have an operation. Nevertheless, he completed his final piano examinations at the conservatory in June with his neck still bandaged. Shostakovich, though very intelligent and talented, was seen as immature in his fin... ...alled. Works Cited †¢ Burkholder, J. Peter, Donald Jay Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. A history of western music. 8th ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010. Print. †¢ Fanning, David. Shostakovich studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print. †¢ Hurwitz, David, and DmitriÄ ­ Dmitrievich Shostakovich. Shostakovich symphonies and concertos: an owner's manual. Pompton Plains, N.J.: Amadeus ;, 2006. Print. †¢ Norris, Christopher. Shostakovich, the man and his music. Boston: M. Boyars, 1982. Print. †¢ Volkov, Solomon, and Antonina W. Bouis. Shostakovich and Stalin: the extraordinary relationship between the great composer and the brutal dictator. New York: Knopf, 2004. Print. †¢ David Fanning and Laurel Fay. "Shostakovich, Dmitry." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 14 Apr. 2012 .

Deception Point Page 46

Delta-One had now finished packing snow down the woman's throat. Before turning his attention to the others, Delta-One unhooked the woman's belay harness. He could reconnect it later, but at the moment, he did not want the two people behind the sled getting ideas about pulling his victim to safety. Michael Tolland had just witnessed a murderous act more bizarre than his darkest mind could imagine. Having cut Norah Mangor free, the three attackers were turning their attention to Corky. I've got to do something! Corky had come to and was moaning, trying to sit up, but one of the soldiers pushed him back down on his back, straddled him, and pinned Corky's arms to the ice by kneeling on them. Corky let out a cry of pain that was instantly swallowed up by the raging wind. In a kind of demented terror, Tolland tore through the scattered contents of the overturned sled. There must be something here! A weapon! Something! All he saw was diagnostic ice gear, most of it smashed beyond recognition by the ice pellets. Beside him, Rachel groggily tried to sit up, using her ice ax to prop herself up. â€Å"Run†¦ Mike†¦ â€Å" Tolland eyed the ax that was strapped to Rachel's wrist. It could be a weapon. Sort of. Tolland wondered what his chances were attacking three armed men with a tiny ax. Suicide. As Rachel rolled and sat up, Tolland spied something behind her. A bulky vinyl bag. Praying against fate that it contained a flare gun or radio, he clambered past her and grabbed the bag. Inside he found a large, neatly folded sheet of Mylar fabric. Worthless. Tolland had something similar on his research ship. It was a small weather balloon, designed to carry payloads of observational weather gear not much heavier than a personal computer. Norah's balloon would be no help here, particularly without a helium tank. With the growing sounds of Corky's struggle, Tolland felt a helpless sensation he had not felt in years. Total despair. Total loss. Like the cliche of one's life passing before one's eyes before death, Tolland's mind flashed unexpectedly through long forgotten childhood images. For an instant he was sailing in San Pedro, learning the age-old sailor's pastime of spinnaker-flying-hanging on a knotted rope, suspended over the ocean, plunging laughing into the water, rising and falling like a kid hanging on a belfry rope, his fate determined by a billowing spinnaker sail and the whim of the ocean breeze. Tolland's eyes instantly snapped back to the Mylar balloon in his hand, realizing that his mind had not been surrendering, but rather it had been trying to remind him of a solution! Spinnaker flying. Corky was still struggling against his captor as Tolland yanked open the protective bag around the balloon. Tolland had no illusions that this plan was anything other than a long shot, but he knew remaining here was certain death for all of them. He clutched the folded mass of Mylar. The payload clip warned: CAUTION: NOT FOR USE IN WINDS OVER 10 KNOTS. The hell with that! Gripping it hard to keep it from unfurling, Tolland clambered over to Rachel, who was propped on her side. He could see the confusion in her eyes as he nestled close, yelling, â€Å"Hold this!† Tolland handed Rachel the folded pad of fabric and then used his free hands to slip the balloon's payload clasp through one of the carabiners on his harness. Then, rolling on his side, he slipped the clasp through one of Rachel's carabiners as well. Tolland and Rachel were now one. Joined at the hip. From between them, the loose tether trailed off across the snow to the struggling Corky†¦ and ten yards farther to the empty clip beside Norah Mangor. Norah is already gone, Tolland told himself. Nothing you can do. The attackers were crouched over Corky's writhing body now, packing a handful of snow, and preparing to stuff it down Corky's throat. Tolland knew they were almost out of time. Tolland grabbed the folded balloon from Rachel. The fabric was as light as tissue paper-and virtually indestructible. Here goes nothing. â€Å"Hold on!† â€Å"Mike?† Rachel said. â€Å"What-â€Å" Tolland hurled the pad of wadded Mylar into the air over their heads. The howling wind snatched it up and spread it out like a parachute in a hurricane. The sheath filled instantly, billowing open with a loud snap. Tolland felt a wrenching yank on his harness, and he knew in an instant he had grossly underestimated the power of the katabatic wind. Within a fraction of a second, he and Rachel were half airborne, being dragged down the glacier. A moment later, Tolland felt a jerk as his tether drew taut on Corky Marlinson. Twenty yards back, his terrified friend was yanked out from under his stunned attackers, sending one of them tumbling backward. Corky let out a blood-curdling scream as he too accelerated across the ice, barely missing the overturned sled, then fishtailing inward. A second rope trailed limp beside Corky†¦ the rope that had been connected to Norah Mangor. Nothing you can do, Tolland told himself. Like a tangled mass of human marionettes, the three bodies skimmed down the glacier. Ice pellets went sailing by, but Tolland knew the attackers had missed their chance. Behind him, the white-clad soldiers faded away, shrinking to illuminated specks in the glow of the flares. Tolland now felt the ice ripping beneath his padded suit with relentless acceleration, and the relief at having escaped faded fast. Less than two miles directly ahead of them, the Milne Ice Shelf came to an abrupt end at a precipitous cliff-and beyond it†¦ a hundred-foot drop to the lethal pounding surf of the Arctic Ocean. 52 Marjorie Tench was smiling as she made her way downstairs toward the White House Communications Office, the computerized broadcast facility that disseminated press releases formulated upstairs in the Communications Bullpen. The meeting with Gabrielle Ashe had gone well. Whether or not Gabrielle was scared enough to turn over an affidavit admitting the affair was uncertain, but it sure as hell was worth a try. Gabrielle would be smart to bail out on him, Tench thought. The poor girl had no idea just how hard Sexton was about to fall. In a few hours, the President's meteoric press conference was going to cut Sexton down at the knees. That was in the bank. Gabrielle Ashe, if she cooperated, would be the death blow that sent Sexton crawling off in shame. In the morning, Tench could release Gabrielle's affidavit to the press along with footage of Sexton denying it. One-two punch. After all, politics was not just about winning the election, it was about winning decisively-having the momentum to carry out one's vision. Historically, any president who squeaked into office on a narrow margin accomplished much less; he was weakened right out of the gate, and Congress never seemed to let him forget it. Ideally, the destruction of Senator Sexton's campaign would be comprehensive-a two-pronged attack sacking both his politics and his ethics. This strategy, known in Washington as the â€Å"high-low,† was stolen from the art of military warfare. Force the enemy to battle on two fronts. When a candidate possessed a piece of negative information about his opponent, he often waited until he had a second piece and went public with both simultaneously. A double-edged attack was always more effective than a single shot, particularly when the dual attack incorporated separate aspects of his campaign-the first against his politics, the second against his character. Rebuttal of a political attack took logic, while rebuttal of a character attack took passion; disputing both simultaneously was an almost impossible balancing act. Tonight, Senator Sexton would find himself scrambling to extract himself from the political nightmare of an astounding NASA triumph, and yet his plight would deepen considerably if he were forced to defend his NASA position while being called a liar by a prominent female member of his staff.

Willy Russell Wrote Educating Rita

Throughout the play Wily Russell successfully conveys the message that education is more than just passing exams. He does this by characterization, language, form and structure, society and history, all of which I will be covering in this essay. Wily Russell characterization of Frank and Rata allows the audience to be aware of each of their needs and exaggerates their changes by the end of the play. They act as needy educators, progressing, learning and teaching one another.Frank Is Rite's English professor, he Is drunken, delusional and generally, worn down by his circumstances such as his failed marriage and his Inability to continue writing his poetry, but he Is educated. Frank Is unhappy In life, we can see this as he has an excessive need to drink alcohol. In order to fuel his adulation he has taken on Open university applicants, â€Å"l suppose I did take it on to pay for the drink†. Wily Russell created Frank with a drink problem because it shows he is miserable in life , as he needs to drink to numb the pain and ignore his sadness.He is extremely self deprecating, â€Å"it's myself I'm not too fond of†, this is because he sees himself as being responsible for his failed marriage, he dislikes his robotic students and his poetry is unpublished, Frank knows that Rata will lose her originality, â€Å"you will have to abandon our uniqueness in order to pass examinations. I'm going to have to change you. â€Å", and therefore this Is a worry to him. These unfortunate events have led to Frank having a low self-esteem resulting in Franks abuse of his own body by way of drink.Frank Is a poor role model as he doesn't realism he needs to face his problems and change because he Is old, traditional, stuck In his ways, and thinks It's too late, this Is symbolized when Rata tells Frank to fit the door handle, Frank says â€Å"l suppose I always mean to† to which Rata responds â€Å"that's no good always meaning' to, is it? â€Å". I think this n essential part of Franks character because he needs someone to aid him and bring about the process of self-improvement, someone to show him that life is more than being unhappy and someone to boost his self-esteem, Rata.Rata is an opinionated, intimidated, open minded, honest, naive, working class, Lilliputian hairdresser going against expectations in order to seek an education. When asked by Frank, â€Å"What do you want to know? † she replies, â€Å"Everything†. Despite hurdles she has got to a position In life where she has the opportunity to change and she Is determined to do so, as she wants to know â€Å"everything†.Wily Russell has created Rata In this Individual unique manner, she neither fits the norms expected of her peers nor Franks ‘Robotic students', so that she is a breath of fresh air into Despite helping Frank later in the novel Rata becomes reluctant to do so as she starts to think that he is helpless, â€Å"If you could stop pouring th at Junk down your throat in the hope that it'll make you feel like a poet you might be able to talk about things that matter†. She realizes that he needs her more than she needs him and therefore moves further away from him.In the opening stages of the novel Rata is very eager ND determined to learn; this is unusual of Franks students and is the reason why he values her fresh uniqueness so highly. Wily Russell has given Rata great determination; this enables her to not only make significant changes to herself but also to change Frank because he admires her as do the audience, â€Å"l think you're marvelous†. Atone point in the play Frank is reluctant to educate Rata as he doesn't consider himself worthy to teach her without her Joining the ranks of his robotic students, however as usual Rata has the last word and wins Frank over.Wily Russell has characterized Rata and Frank in this manner so that they can learn room each other, although Frank sees his role in Rite's lif e as her educator he himself will be forced to accommodate significant changes in life by Rata. I think Wily Russell is very successful in reflecting on the whole of society's way of life through Frank and Rata, showing their differences and how education involves more than Just gaining knowledge of literature. It is important that as an audience we like the characters and we have a relationship with them so their well being becomes an interest to us.This makes the play more exciting and involves the audience because if something bad happens to the harassers it affects us too, if something good happens this affects us equally. A character can also be intentionally portrayed so that the audience dislike them, this still creates a relationship with the character and still involves the audience and an example of this portrayal of character is Denny. I felt angry when Denny burnt Rite's books because he was trying to deny Rata, an endearing character, of an education and I was happy whe n Rata moved out.Russell makes us sympathies with the two characters as he wants the audience to care for and be involved with Frank and Rata, also characteristic them to be endearing. He does this by making Rata confide in the audience and Frank as well as being extremely open. He makes Frank unhappy in life, miserable and self- deprecating. Instead of walking into the classroom and talking about literature Rata talks about other matters such as smoking â€Å"l hate smoking' on me own. An' everyone seems to have packed it in these days†, art â€Å"that's a nice picture, isn't it? And swearing, â€Å"it's the aristocracy that swears more than anyone†. When asked, â€Å"would you like to sit down? † by Frank she sharply replied â€Å"no! † as she is not a typical student. These hints of individuality make us like Rata because she is new to us as she is to Frank. Mire's the first breath of air that's been in this room for years†. She passionately tel ls us everything about herself and enjoys talking to us. We can see this as she says, â€Å"l talk too much, don't l? I know I talk a lot. I don't at home. I hardly ever talk when I'm there.But I don't often get the chance to talk to someone like you; her back and like her talking to us. We sympathies with Rata because she has had a hard time getting to a point at which she is able to have an education and she has difficulties in learning because of the issues at home. In Act 1 Scene 4 Rata tells us that she writes her essays at work because her husband doesn't like her doing it at home, â€Å"Denny gets dead marked if I work at home. He doesn't like me doing' this. I can't be bothered arguing' with him†.Some people may not sympathies with Rata because she often doesn't let Frank have a say, interrupts him and puts him in uncomfortable situations such as when she says â€Å"Look at those its†, this makes Rata seem over powering and insensitive towards Frank who is alr eady unhappy in life. The audience sympathies with Frank because he is unhappy in life and often puts himself own â€Å"Everything I know†¦ Is that I know absolutely nothing†. We feel sorry for Frank as we can see that he is a better person than he thinks he is. As we already have established that we like Rata the fact that she likes Frank makes us like him too.She tells Frank â€Å"If I'd got some other tutor I wouldn't have stayed† she also says he is scoring â€Å"ten out of ten† and tells him to â€Å"go to the top of the class an' collect a gold star†. We trust Rata that Frank is a good person. The popularity of a character is often dependent on another characters views, such as when Rata speaks badly of Denny, â€Å"l hint he's thick†, this hints towards what Dyne's character will be like in the play and straight away puts him down in the audiences eyes. People may not sympathies towards Frank in instances such as Act One, Scene Four whe n Frank gives Rata his work to criticism, â€Å"you want literacy criticism?I want an essay on this lot by next week† Frank could be seen as guilt tripping Rata because she will now be forced to return to Frank and speak badly of his work. This will be portrayed as hurting Frank as he is already fragile and could be seen as a nasty act on Rite's part, she will have to act superior to her professor and put him down. Frank misjudged Rite's character and put her in a potentially damaging situation, which caused Rata a lot of stress and discomfort, â€Å"What me? Some stupid woman who gives us all a laugh because she thinks she can learn† and â€Å"I'm a freak†.Franks efforts to include Rata in an upper class circle could have been seen as inconsiderate as she wasn't at the stage where she could comfortably fit in, he should have reassessed to situation to ensure he wasn't doing Rata any harm. Also, Franks reluctance to teach Rata could be seen as selfish because he is more concerned about himself losing her company than her being pappy. However, I believe that Frank was looking at the situation from both of their points of view; he was never trying to hurt or slow Rite's progression but instead, think what was best for her.As Rata becomes educated she learns about different aspects of literature such as sentimentality, subjectivity and literary criticism. She studies a number of authors and becomes knowledgeable of literature. We can see that Rata has learned about literature when Frank says â€Å"you recognize the hallmark of literature now'. She recites Blake from memory â€Å"O Rose, thou art sick† and is knowledgeable of him muff don't do Blake without doing Innocence and Experience†. She talks about Peer Gent, Blake and Shakespeare â€Å"We were talking about Shakespeare†.Rata can now make her own decisions about literature, Frank earlier commented that Rata would not â€Å"richer† if she looks â€Å"below th e surface†. Rite's newly acquired knowledge is vital in the role of the beginning of change. She uses her literary skills when talking to other students and making new friends. However this literature would not be important to her if she didn't want to change as she is using education to empower her, this would not be necessary if she did not desire change. Rata learns a lot about life throughout the play which shows that education is more than Just about passing exams.Rata learns that through education she can break away from the traditional expectations placed on a working class woman in the sass's and by the end of the play she realizes that education offers freedom to make choices in life. She also learns that education in itself does not provide a better life but does give her the empowerment to make change if she so wishes, â€Å"l might go to France, I might go to me mother's. I might even have a baby. I Dunn. I'll make a decision. I'll choose†. Education has giv en Rata a new unique outlook on people; she learns to see them for who they are and not for their class or literature knowledge.Through education Rata found new confidence in her ability to achieve much more than she ever thought possible, it opened up new horizons for her. By the end of the play Rata had knowledge of literature but more importantly she had a greater understanding of life. What Rata learned about literature will help her to pass exams and in the long run will only affect her in a small way compared with what she learned about life that will affect everything she does such as her thinking, reasoning, the way she treats others and herself.Education matured Rata and gave her skills and choices that will stay with her forever giving the message that education is about more than Just passing exams. Frank learns that he is a better teacher than he thought he was at the start of the play and learns to reinvent his teaching skills, â€Å"l wanted to come back an' tell y th at. That hay good teacher. † He sees that his knowledge has empowered Rata and has potentially made her happier.However, Frank may think that Rite's changes are bad ND feel responsible for Rite's loss of individuality as he did earlier in the play, â€Å"l shall insist upon being known as Mary, Mary Shelley', by saying this and referring to the author of Frankincense Frank is questioning his skills as a teacher because he think he has created a monster in Rata. Rite's open personality inspires Frank to face his problems more head on â€Å"If you could stop pouring that Junk down your throat in the hope that it'll make you feel like a poet you might be able to talk about things that matter†.In the earlier stages of the play Frank was hiding from problems such as his rink issues, unhealthy diet, relationships, lack of confidence and attitude towards Rite's education. Rata influences Frank because he sees the way she accommodates change in herself which in turn encourages him to take a close look at himself and the ways he too can change, she adds humor and Joy to his life helping him to not view himself so negatively.Following this process Frank learns to be more relaxed about life and face his problems rather than hiding behind his drunkenness, Rite's personality inspires Frank to be more light-hearted and reveal Franks true self. By he end of the play I think that Franks changes as a teacher are more important to him because he realizes that he has to power to influence people, now that he has discovered this it will be easier for him to practice and take into account when around him.What Frank learns as a person is still very important to him but by the end of the play he seems to forget all that he has learnt by reverting to his old ways, in Act Two Scene Three we find out that Frank gave a lecture drunk, â€Å"Passed? I was glorious! Fell off the rostrum twice† and says to Rata, â€Å"Sod them – no, buck them! , this shows that what Frank learnt wasn't as important to him because he choose to take the easy way out rather than the more beneficial way to himself. Russell uses Rite's language to show Rite's changes.At the start of the play Rata speaks in a crude and socially unacceptable manner. As she becomes educated she is inspired by Trash's dialect and mimics her choice of language. However, by the end of the play Rata reverts back to her old manners of talking like an uneducated woman. When Rata first meets Frank she speaks in a very strong Lilliputian accent and is very direct, she TTS people in uncomfortable positions, this can be seen when she starts to talk about an erotic painting using words such as â€Å"its†.Frank reacts to this by coughing and hastily looking down on some papers, this shows he is embarrassed talking about a sexual topic unlike Rata. Rite's language represents her as being uneducated, Frank speaks in a posh way, as he is educated; his vocabulary is wide and well chosen. T he different language makes it easy for the audience to realism and be reminded of their different backgrounds; language is a good comparison between the two characters. In the next scene Rata changes her language, she tries to speak like an educated upper class member, when asked â€Å"What's wrong with your voice? By Frank, Rata replies, â€Å"Nothing is wrong with it, Frank. I have merely decided to talk properly. As Trash says there is not a lot of point in discussing beautiful literature in an ugly voice. † Rata chooses to change her voice because she doesn't feel worthy of discussing poetry in her own â€Å"ugly' voice, she considers her newfound self to be of more importance than her uneducated self and therefore wants to rid of any relations to her old ways. She has lost her uniqueness and innocence that Frank valued so highly in her.I don't think this change in Rite's character is a positive one because it shows that Rata considers class and status to be more impor tant than a person, I think that this change will not make Rata any happier because she is only doing it to please Trash, and despite not knowing this at the time, it does not suit her other unique characteristics. By the end of the play Rata averts back to her original language, she says, â€Å"l Dunn. He's a bit of a wander really. But Vive never been abroad. An' me mother's invited me to here's for Christmas.I think this is because Rata has realized that language is an unimportant external change and doesn't make a person any happier. Rata is still liked by Frank despite her uneducated language possibly even more so because it gives her individuality. Rata language is probably similar to Russell own, as he is from Liverpool. Having Rata speak in such a manner makes the play appeals to people whose language is similar and will allow Rata to be easily related to by a wider audience. Wily Russell only has two characters in the play; this unusual amount helps exaggerate the differen ces between Frank and Rata.They create a culture clash as they were brought up in different manners; they have different backgrounds and now have different expectations for the future. In the past Frank was educated and grew up to live in â€Å"Former' an upper-class part of Liverpool. Now, he has lost all his aspirations and lives to drink, â€Å"l did take it on to pay for the educated because she thought â€Å"studio' was Just for wimps† and didn't try hard at school because it would have parted her from her friends, â€Å"if I'd started taking' school seriously I would have had to become different from me mates, an' that's not allowed†.Now, Rata wants an education, she wants to learn â€Å"everything† and her hopes for the future are to discover herself, â€Å"See, I want discover myself first. Do you understand that? † The two characters learn from each other. Russell has put Rata and Frank together because they educate each other, in terms other t han Just literature and examinations. They are moving towards one another's pasts and are both needy of each other. At this point in the novel Franks influences on Rata have been focused mainly in an academic sense, â€Å"assonance. Well, it's a form of rhyme†.Rata teachings have inspired Frank, â€Å"l think you're the first breath of air that's been in this room for years†; possibly even driving Frank away from his predicted future. Having two characters in the play makes it easier for the audience to hear Frank and Rite's opinions. It is easier for the audience to see how they are different I. E. In language. And finally, it makes the audience endear towards the characters because they are different and willing to help each other. We don't like one and dislike the other because we sympathies with them both and their different situations.However, there are some problems with having only two characters, the audience could get uninterested because of the lack of variet y created in the play. We only see the story from two different viewpoints and therefore have a limited understanding of the social effects and implications of the play. It could be difficult for the audience to fully understand the impact of the characters changes on Frank and Rite's family and friends as we are never given a first person account. Russell uses clever devices such as Dramatic Irony in the play.Dramatic Irony occurs whenever we see one of the characters say something negative of the other because we know they like each other through their body language and speech, â€Å"He glances at his watch, moves to the window, looks out, glances at his watch again and then moves across to the books. † In this case Franks body language clearly shows he is waiting with great anticipation for Rite's arrival. He also often compliments her to the point at which his efforts could be perceived as a little flirtatious, â€Å"irresistible thing like you†.Rite's speech indic ates she too likes Frank â€Å"Because you're a crazy mad pips artist who ants to throw his students out the window, an' I like you†. Rata shows her affection more openly than Frank despite her insult. The Dramatic Irony keeps Frank and Rite's relationship more interesting to the audience and makes the audience intent on watching the play as they want to know how their relationship ends. An interesting relationship is vital in this particular play because there are only two characters and so much of the play is dependent on their varying relation.The structure of the play changes throughout. In Act One Rata needed Frank to teach her, she was demanding, Hereford she controlled the action, said the most and always had the last say. However in the next act, Rata changes her voice and accent, attempting to speak like a member of the upper class and converses freely with Franks other students as she thinks she is educated and therefore is on their level. There is a dramatic revers e in roles at this point in the novel.It is now that Frank needs Rata, Frank needs to change doesn't need Franks help anymore and accuses him of trying to hold her back, now that she knows â€Å"what clothes to wear, what wine to buy, what plays to see, what papers and books to read†. Rata thinks differently to what she did before, Frank earlier commented that Rata would not â€Å"overcomplicated† Blake, but she now makes her decision that Flake's poetry is â€Å"richer† if she looks â€Å"below the surface†, this shows she doesn't think she needs Frank to tell her what to do anymore.The more Rata is changing the less dependent she becomes upon Frank. She makes independent decisions and believes she is better than Frank as she goes against his word, â€Å"l don't need you. Vive got a room full of books†. She adopts an opposite view to at the start of the play when she begged for Franks enlightening knowledge. Frank expresses his views to this chang e and says to Rata, â€Å"Found a new song to sing have you†, this suggests that Frank doesn't like Rite's change and thinks she is pretending to be something she's not.This change made me empathic with Frank because he is still interested in Rata and she is no longer interested in him. Frank has given Rata much throughout the course of the play and Rata seems unwilling to help Frank in return at his time of need. If I were to direct to play I would dress Rata in costume that symbolisms school life and education to exaggerate her change. She would be rearing a university scarf or Jumper apposed to cheap, second hand, common clothes representing an uneducated person of working class status, which she may have worn at the start of the play.Frank would be dressed in a messy, worn, suit and his classroom would be untidy and dusty especially the bookcase in order to exaggerate one well kept book hiding a supply of alcohol. The set is important because it is a part of Frank that is enticing for Rata, â€Å"I'm guan have a room like this one day. There's nothing phones about it. Everything in its right place. (After a pause. ) It's a mess. But it's a perfect mess. This use of costume and set would exaggerate both Frank and Rite's characters, providing a visual representation for the audience.Russell makes the audience think about society by using stereotypes and prejudices. His particular use of stereotyping raises a number of questions amongst the audience, concerning the following issues; society's influence, the government, the education system and personal values. Rata is a working class hairdresser, â€Å"you're a ladies hairdresser†, living on an estate in Liverpool, â€Å"our estate†, expected to stay at home and raise a family. This stereotypical working class woman trying to better resell makes us question our values.We ask ourselves whether or not it is right that society tells us what to do, is it right that Rata should be told to sta y at home with her harnessing husband and be forced to have a baby against her will, â€Å"Come off the pill, let's have a baby', or should Rata be allowed to push her family into uncertainty in attempting to better herself? In the 1970/sass the government overlooked the working class, they suffered due to the lack of investment made in the housing and schools, their chances in life were reduced and not cared about.The working class ere kept suppressed and unknowing so that they didn't start to question other peoples or the government's values. Most accepted the dreary situation, as it was hard to bring about change. Education empowered those who had it and those who audience see that it is not Rite's fault that she got into the miserable situation she did in life. Hearing of Rite's family personally made me angry as they conformed to typical stereotypes and were categorized by society, at first when reading the play I was cross that they couldn't see ahead and see any other aspect s of life other than theirs, â€Å"he's blind, he doesn't want to see†.However my mood and feelings towards Rite's family changed as my anger turned to sympathy. Denny is scared of change, he feels safe in his current situation because he knows it. He feels threatened by Rite's change and therefore he tries to stop her, â€Å"he'd burnt me books and papers†, Denny is not trying to change, unlike Rata Denny is following another stereotype, being uneducated he is not willing to change. He is safe in his world and doesn't want Rata to branch out and explore other aspects of life because this would mean change to Denny. Denny doesn't want to be affected; he thinks he is happy living in his cocoon.If Rata gets an education Denny will lose control and will no longer be able to conform to societies expectations of a man to provide. I felt sorry for Denny because to him Rata was having an affair with education, â€Å"Rata: You'd think I was having' a bloody affair. Frank: Are n't you? † This has the same effect to Denny as it would is Rata had an affair with a man, however having an affair with another man would be socially unacceptable and Denny would receive more support, instead he would be left â€Å"wondering' where the girl he married has gone†.By Rite's family going out, getting drunk and singing, â€Å"l .NET into the pub an' they were singing', all of them singing'. † They are accepting their situation but also trying to escape from it at the same time. Rite's mother says to her â€Å"there are better songs to sing than this†, this metaphor means that the family could be doing better for themselves. Rata wants to get away from this, she probably sees herself in her family and realizes that she needs to move on. Information about Trash affects us in two very different ways.At first Rata builds a picture that enables us to form an impression of an educated, refined woman from an educated family, Know she's dead classy. Y . Now like, she's got taste, Winnow like you Frank†, this information makes the audience happy because Trash now symbolisms what Rata is aspiring to and Rata is closer to achieving her goal of bettering herself. When Trash attempts to commit suicide we are distraught because Rite's dreams have been shattered, â€Å"l thought she was so cool an' together – I came home the other night an' she'd tried to top herself. Magic isn't it? â€Å".Rata has been crushed by someone she longs to be. The information makes us cross because we like Rata and sympathies with her. Wily Russell suggests there is a middle ground between the working class and the upper lass by making Rata a freethinker and giving her educated views on all aspects of society, â€Å"Just because you think we're all O. K. , that we're all surviving', with the spirit intact† and â€Å"he's blind, he doesn't want to see†, Rite's thoughts and attitudes toward the world are broad and are not limited like those of her family she can reflect on her own situations and is not â€Å"blind†.Without these views Rata would be part of the stereotypical working-class, this can be seen by Franks prejudice views on Rata before and after he meets her, he starts by saying â€Å"some silly woman's attempt to get into he mind of Henry James† and after meeting her changes his views and speaks fondly of her, describing her as â€Å"funny, delightful, and charming†. Rata feels as though she is out of place with her family yet also does not feel comfortable with Frank and his associates.My opinions on a middle ground based on Russell suggestions are that the middle ground is a classification of working class that aren't ‘stuck in a rut'. A middle ground is based on thoughts and attitudes such as Rite's open-minded thoughtful views. Choices in education in the 1970/sass's seem limited, especially to the working class. Just by writing the play Russell make's the point that it is highly unusual that a working class woman is having a higher education.Attitudes were also very bad concerning school and education, Rata tells us about her past views about school, â€Å"studying' was Just for wimps† and she is surprised she got another chance to go to university and get a higher education, â€Å"l was dead surprised when they took me†. In the early sass's it was even possible to leave school and start work at the age of 15, choices in education have changed vastly as it is now an accepted norm that a woman such as Rata could go to university.The descriptions of the education system make us cross as the government at that time didn't care much for education and a lack of investments were input to the education system. Rata shows that the old education system failed many that had the potential to be educated. However, she also shows us that against all odds you can achieve the unexpected. Russell makes the main point that education can be a form of escape; it doesn't provide all the answers but gives a person choice and empowerment. Education makes a person consider all the options and look at life from different aspects.Education is always the fuel behind improvements made in the characters and shows that Russell thinks educations main purpose is to improve upon oneself. Wily Russell is extremely successful at teaching us lessons about the purpose of education as most of the lessons learnt show that education is about more than Just passing exams. I think â€Å"Educating Rata† brilliantly raises themes of social class, education, relationships and personal changes; the play is a credit to Russell skills as a writer as he writes about serious issues in a comical manner, which attracts an extremely widened audience.

Krishna essays

Krishna essays Krishna a very wicked god but has a good side to him. When Krishna was a small boy he would steal food and upset the balance, and his mother would have to separate him from foods and other foods meaning that different categories like dairy and sweets. Krishna was famous for stealing from the lader. All over Krishna body is blue, he often holds his flute in his hand. When Lord Krishna was born it was when I quote Mother Earth, at that time, was suffering from the tortures of demoniac powers Krishna was bourn Five thousand years ago on July 19/20 year 3228 B.C. He killed demons at ages 3 through 28 and killed different people and things. He also establishes kingdom in Dvaraka Marriage to Rukmini and 7 principal queens Marriage to 16,100 princesses 161,080 sons born to Krishna Speaks Bhagavad-Gita at Kuruksetra Battle (~90)(3138 BC) Saves King Pariksit in the womb Instructs Uddhava Thought ages 29-125. Krishna Disappearance happened on February 18th 3102 BC at age 128. When Krishna had 16,100 wives he had to annihilate his family for weighing down the earth. Krishna friend Narada told him a lie that all of his wives had fallen in love with his brother Samba. Krishna got mad and cursed his wives that barbarians carry them all away when he is dead and they all and Samba to cursed be afflicted by leprosy. Different types of mythology is Jewish, Greek, native, America, Islamic and more. In most mythology there is birds gods or any kinds or animals. Krishna was mostly called a coward because when he was smaller he would be scared of certain things and the people would called him a coward but he didnt mind he was a joyful child and grown up to be a god. Many Hindus all around the world today are praying to Krishna and on August 30 is his own holiday when he was born to when he died. And this is my report on Hindu Mythology Krishna. ...

Red Alert 10 Signs You Should Avoid That Freelance Writing Client

Red Alert 10 Signs You Should Avoid That Freelance Writing Client When you’re a hungry freelance writer, it can be hard to say no to a prospective client. But not every freelance-writing job is one you should take. Some clients are simply a nightmare. The good news is, you can often tell you’ve got a PITA (Pain In The A*) client before you ever get started. After more than 20 years of freelancing – and 7 years coaching 12,000 writers in my Freelance Writers Den support community online here are my warning signs. 1. The freebie request Based on what I’m hearing, there’s been a resurgence of the ‘free sample’ scam. If you have portfolio samples, there’s no reason to do a custom, unpaid piece as a tryout. These clients rarely hire writers. They just tell you no, and then use all the free-tryout posts and ideas they get. 2. Buy-to-work offers Ever get what sounds like a big-name client who’s dying to put you to work, as soon as you write a check for the computer or supplies they insist you need to do their job? Yeah that’s a popular scam. Even if they send you a check to cover that cost, it bounces. 3. Low pay and promises Many faltering startups have work available now, at terrible pay rates, but they promise it’s only temporary. Don’t believe it. If you start low, you’re likely to stay there. And clients who can’t pay pro rates often go bust. 4. Paid in dreams Some clients have an exciting startup story to tell you, and they’d like you to work for shares of stock in their company (a/k/a equity). Those will be worth a fortune someday, they insist. Only take these gigs if you can afford to never get paid. 5. Paid for the win Some shady companies and nonprofits will ask you to write a grant, Kickstarter campaign, or bid proposal for them, paying you only if they receive the sought-after funds. These are highly unethical. Grants, Kickstarter money, and government-bid funding cannot pay the writer. A similar offer in PR writing is to get paid only if you succeed in securing a story for them in their target magazine. Again, that’s a no-go. You need to get paid for your time, regardless. 6. No-boundaries alert These needy clients are going to ask for your instant-messaging ID. They plan to ding you late at night, on weekends, all the time. And they’re going to birth a calf if you don’t respond right a- -way. If you don’t want to be available to clients 24/7, set your work-hour rules right away. Hint: Set the example 7. Contract phobia Is your new prospect all excited to work with you, but when you ask for a contract, you suddenly hear crickets? Hesitation to sign contracts clearly defines a client unfamiliar with freelancing. That means you’ll spend way too much time training them, or they’re planning to stiff you and don’t want you to be able to sue. Also, don’t agree to, â€Å"We’ll do the contract later.† 8. No deposit, no workee When writing for companies, your request for a 30 to 50 percent up-front deposit will flush out the losers. Experienced, legit companies won’t blink at this requirement. Bogus companies will act like you’re insane. 9. Peer in the Glassdoor Hop on Glassdoor.com and put in their company name. Read the reviews. I know many writers who could have avoided unpleasant clients and ripoffs, if they’d read Glassdoor first. 10. LinkedIn clues Every good company has a LinkedIn company page. Put their name in a LinkedIn search and narrow your search to ‘Companies.’ No page? They DO have a LinkedIn page? Take a look at how many employees link to it. This is your yardstick for whether the firm is big enough to pay decent rates and have ongoing work. If they have 3 employees, it’s a questionable situation. Feel reassured with 20 linked profiles, and 50+ is best. Watch for red flags If you notice one of the problems above, think hard about whether you want the hassle this client will bring. The time you spend working for clients who underpay or don’t appreciate you is better spent seeking great clients who love you, understand your value, and pay appropriately.

Compare and contrast the four distinct categories of presidential Essay - 1

Compare and contrast the four distinct categories of presidential personality described in James Barber's habitual action patterns approach - Essay Example Then, one should also look at the positive-negative effect. How well does the person like what he is doing? (Barber 5) Active-positive: The man has high self-esteem and shows consistencies in the activities he carries out. In addition, throughout his life he has shown high level of productivity and conservation of environment. In connection to this, he sees himself as achieving some of his personal goals (Barber 6). Active-negative: This type of leader shows high level of commitment, however, he does not show high level of emotion for that job. On top of that, he behaves like someone who is trying to run away from anxiety. He is also ambitious and power-seeking, and has an aggressive feeling which makes him have a problem in managing the environment (Barber 6). Positive-positive: These types of leader depend a lot on other people’s judgement and they are not assertive. The contradiction here is high optimism and low self-esteem. In addition, they always make politics to be soft. However, because they depend on other people’s judgement, they are likely to be disappointed (Barber 6). Passive-negative: These types of people are always in politics because they feel that it is the right place to be. They do not enjoy being in politics and they also do not have enough experience. Although, a person of this nature normally does well in other areas but in politics, they are always under performers (Barber 6). President Obama can be said to be an active-positive president. This is because he has high self-esteem and shows consistencies in what he does. For example, during his two terms he has invested a lot of emotions and finances during his campaigns. In addition, he is passionate about what he does. It is not that someone forced him to become the president, but he decided out of his will to become the president. Also, he was the first, black president of

Business Plan for Sneaker Store Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Business Plan for Sneaker Store - Thesis Example The business will have its headquarters in Boston with the aim of serving target market in the United States to find less costly and quality sneakers. All products offered by Nike, Adidas and some Chinese brands will be offered by KicksFly Corporation but a different platform will be utilized, i.e. the product will be offered to the customers via stores and online portal. For this reason, this business is developed which entails core activities of the business and certain proposed strategies that will help the business to grow its sales revenues. Kicksfly Corporation is a shoe business that ensures delivery of 100% authentic athletic and casual wear shoes. The business will have its headquarters in Boston with the aim of serving target market in the United States to find less costly and quality sneakers. All products offered by Nike, Adidas and some Chinese brands will be offered by KicksFly Corporation but a different platform will be utilized, i.e. the product will be offered to the customers via stores and online portal. KicksFly Corporation’s products came from top of the line suppliers across the globe, in order to serve a diverse customer base. Our target consumers are youngsters and health conscious adults with upper middle to the upper end incomes of United States of America. The competitive edge that KicksFly Corporation will be having in the target marketplace is that its products are made from authentic raw material that does not cause discomfort to the customers. In addition to this, the retailing method to be implemented by KicksFly Corporation will be a whole new experience for the target consumers. Stating these perceived advantages, KicksFly Corporation expects that the marketing and business level strategies of the business will help it to attract the targeted consumers who need comfortable sportswear and casual sneakers. Since the retailing method adopted by KicksFly

Nutrition and Illness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Nutrition and Illness - Research Paper Example There has been enough epidemiological evidence that shows the risk factors and nutritional levels. In the past decades, there have been rapid changes in the scientific world; these developments have shown that nutrition plays a very crucial role in the prevention and control of morbidity and serious illnesses in people which do not originate from communicable diseases. There are various factors that have played a role in the poor dietary status of the people around the world. These have been attributed to natural calamities, droughts that have hit many places across the world, environmental changes that have led to unpredictable weather patterns, rapid changes in lifestyles and diets, urbanization, economic forms of development, as well as globalization of the market. These issues and others are posing a serious threat to the nutritional status of people; in this category, developing countries have been reported to be worse hit by the trend (Lipton, 2001). One would expect that stand ards of living which have improved, expansion of food availability, diversification of food options, and access to other services should be good for the maintenance of high nutritional diet. However, this is not the case. There have been reported very significant negative impacts that have resulted from inappropriate patterns in dietary; they have decreased the physical activity levels of the people and also led to a corresponding rise in the chronic diseases that are related to diet. Poor people or those who live below the threshold of one USD per day are most affected. Food production and sale have shifted from the local settings to an international market arena where global food cultures are being taken up in place of local preferences. As such, people do not pay a lot of attention to the nutritional value of what they eat (Jacobson & Silverglade). Many could attribute this to the every-demanding life where people have new challenges and new demands that must be met daily and, th us, do not take time to think about what they consume in terms of nutrients. Other attribute of this trend to the job market gives people less time to perform their personal tasks, such as cooking a good meal, at home. Changes in the world food economy have also been reflected in the dietary patterns being currently experienced. There has been a marked increase in the consumption of foods that are considered energy–dense with high content of fats; the worst being thee saturated fats with low carbohydrates that are not refined. When these patterns are put together with the decline experienced in the expenditure of energy in relation to the kind of sedentary lives that many people, especially in white collar jobs, lead, the only thing that remains is disaster in terms of illnesses that turn out to be very chronic. Nutrition gets even more complicated when sedentary kind of life comes into the picture. This paper takes a keen look at the nutrition and illness issue as one that i s affecting the global community in a health context. Analysis There are very alarming trends that are emerging in diseases or illnesses at the global arena. Recently, there have been present very striking events, most of which have been attributed to global causes, and these are directly related to the issue of nutrition. These trends and events that are taking centre stage on the international

Matza’s (1964) Delinquency and Drift

Matza’s (1964) Delinquency and Drift David Matza’s work is often is said to have offered a necessary counteraction to the postulates of the subcultural theory (Young: 1974). In 1957 David Matza and Gersham Sykes presented a radically new theory of deviant behaviour in their seminal work entitled, Techniques of Neutralisation: A Theory of Delinquency and again collaborated in 1961. The dialogue was significantly extended by Matza in his subsequent works, Delinquency and Drift (1964) and Becoming Deviant (1969). This paper will provide a description and evaluation of Matza’s theories. It will then proffer a brief discussion on why Matza’s writings on crime presents a shift from traditional subcultural theories. Matza’s work shows a rethink about deviants and how they process and rationalize their crime. He questions the notion that deviants are inherently opposed to societal norms and codes of conduct, and that their actions signify a rejection of the rule of law. He maintains that delinquent values do not necessarily follow a consistent continuum, and therefore to say that delinquency and deviants reject the rule of law is erroneous. He uses the examples of teenage delinquents to demonstrate that while many teenagers commit delinquent acts, many do not offend within a delinquent space or a delinquent subculture. He argues that many times they can immediately return to continuous actions which demonstrate affinity with â€Å"normalcy†. In these instances, Matza argues that instead of being in opposition to the rule of law, some acts of delinquency represent a loosening or distance from more positively favoured and consensus value systems to an adoption of what he terms â€Å" subterranean† values. Matza and Sykes (1961) differentiated between subterranean values and formal or mainstream values to highlight this point. Matza identifies formal values as those which demonstrate deferred gratification, can be predictable, respect bureaucratic processes, not aggressive, and conforms to the normal routine. They also have an introspective characteristic which refrains from euphoria, plans meticulously, shows reservation and restraint, and is non-impulsive. Conversely, subterranean values are identified as: relishing short term hedonism and excitement, always seeking change and alternatives, impulsive, very sociable and carefree, and is not afraid to display to aggression. Within this framework, Matza defends his argument by stating that deviants who accept subterranean values usually accentuate these characteristics for short term personal gains, or during leisure periods. Taylor et al (1973) suggests that Matza’s work (1964) represents an attempt to avoid distorting the motivations of the delinquent and to present a naturalistic analysis of deviant behaviour. Matza contends that theories which strive to label some deviants and establish sub-cultures of deviance, overstate the levels of delinquency and are a result of positivistic influences which attempt to find psycho-social reasons for non-conformity. He articulates that it is flawed to assume delinquent subcultures are zealously embraced by deviants, furthermore, he points out that this intermittent interaction with subterranean values is normal because these values are replicated many times throughout society, albeit most times in controlled environments. He argues that traditional positivistic models of deviance, depict an â€Å"antagonistic disjunction between deviant or subterranean values of larger society† (Taylor et al: 1973) which is simply not true. Instead he argues that dev iants use techniques of neutralization as excuses for committing delinquent acts. Matza identified five techniques of neutralization employed by deviants to rationalize their non-conformity: (1) Denial of responsibility , wherein, the offender deflects blame with language such as â€Å"it was not my fault† or â€Å"it wasn’t really me who did it†. The deviant attributes their actions to the flaws of the wider substructure or environment. (2) Denial of injury, where the delinquent defends their actions on the grounds that it did not cause harm to anyone and substitutes moralistic condemnation on their actions with more favorable terminologies. For example, vandalism would be seen as â€Å"just mischief†. (3) Denial of a victim, where they place the victim as the offender in language such as â€Å"they had it coming† or â€Å"it didn’t affect them†. (4) Appeal to higher loyalties, where the delinquent places himself as torn between two groups with a need to commit the act in the interest of one group. A typical exampl e can be found with foreign national women who do transnational drug couriering, who mostly say they do it because of the economic needs of their children. (5) Condemnation of the condemners, where the offender deflects focus from their actions to chastise the motives of those who condemn the offending act. Those who condemn are usually classified by the deviant as hypocrites. Matza’s (1964) Drift Theory attempts to situate the deviant in a less deterministic space than positivistic influenced theories allow. He suggested that persistent delinquent behaviour can be explained by a convergence of subterranean values and formal ones, in the absence of stabilizing forces which reinforce the more moralistic formal values. The slow movement from formal and introspective values to more permanent subterranean characteristics is called a â€Å"drift†. In their period of drift, Matza contends that delinquents utilise the neutralizing techniques previously discussed, to weaken society’s grasp on their value system. He is however, not without his critics, who point out that Matza underplay offending behaviour and neglects to use his theory as a lens for more violent forms of delinquency (Newburn: 2007). Matza’s reasoning presents a shift from traditional subcultural theory which is more deterministic in its labelling and examination of deviants. Subculture theory contends that there are dominant cultures and deviant subcultures and they situate the deviant within the latter, because of their non-conformity. Subcultural theory romanticize the dominant culture as always existing within a positive moral space. It sees delinquency as a complete opposition to mainstream values and culture. Matza, on the other hand, advocates that delinquents do place value on mainstream cultures, but may refrain from displaying or voicing such views because they fear rejection from peers. He contends that subterranean values exist alongside those of the so-called dominant culture. This argument was partly sanctioned by Wolfgang and Ferracuti (1967) who proffered the example of the male who is compelled to violence to defend the honour of his mother, wife or children. While, this male is predispose d to accepting the dominant culture, his naturalistic tendency to defend in such situations, point to the co-existence of subterranean, even within mainstream cultures. References Matza, D. (1969) Becoming Deviant. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Matza, D. (1964) Delinquency and Drift. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Matza, D., Sykes, G. (1961) Juvenile Delinquency and Subterranean Values. American Sociological Review Vol. 26, 713-719. Newburn, T. (2007) Criminology. Cullompton: Willan. Sykes, G., Matza, D. (1957) Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency. American Sociological Review, Vol. 22, 664-670. Taylor, I., Walton, P. Young, J. (1973) The New Criminology: For a Social Theory of Deviance. London: Routledge. Wolfgang, M., Ferracuti, F. (1967) The Subculture of Violence. London: Travistock Publishers. Young, J. (1974) New Directions in Subcultural Theory. In, John Rex (ed) Approaches to Sociology: An Introduction to Major Trends in British Sociology. London: RKP. 1

Acute Morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes Essay -- Medical Disease Ba

Acute Morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes Abstract: Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram positive coccus bacterium that is extremely common bacteria. This bacterium is part of group A streptococci, which meant that it has a certain type of polysaccharide antigen on its cell surface. It is commonly known as pharyngitis, or strep throat and produces over twenty exotoxins. Even though this bacterium has been around for thousands of years it still has a susceptibility to penicillin and there have only been a few cases of resistance. Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram positive bacteria that is associated with multiple types of diseases. Streptos means a chain of links and coccus means a round object. Together this describes the shape of Streptococcus pyogenes, a round chain of ten or more cocci, each measuring 0.5 to 0.75 ÃŽ ¼m in diameter. This bacterium can cause scarlet fever, streptococcal pharyngitis and erysipelas in humans. It is identified mainly by its ability to create ÃŽ ²-haemolysis in blood agar plates. Streptococci can be separated into groups by a polysaccharide antigen that is deep inside the cell wall. The groups are labeled by the letters ranging from A to R, each group represents a different type of organism that it mostly infects. Group A is mainly pathogenic to humans, while group B is found in cattle. Groups C to R infect animals of lesser complexity. Streptococcus pyogenes is part of group A, which means that the polysaccharide antigen is composed of rhamnose and N-acetylglucosamine and its main host is in humans. The morphology of S. pyogenes is a chain of cocci that are normally in groups of ten and each cocci range in diameter from 0.5 to 0.75 ÃŽ ¼m. They are nonmotile, which means that they 2 have no form of moveme... ...agar plates. S. pyogenes produces many extracellular products, they are called streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins and are classified into three serotypes, A-C. SPE B is the most unique of the three and is responsible for multiple diseases, including toxic shock syndrome. This bacteria does have a weak point, almost all streptococci are susceptible to penicillin. 7 Works Cited Christie, A. B. (1987). Infectious Diseases (Vol. 2, 4th ed.). New York: Churchill Livingstone. Evans, A. S. (1991). Bacterial Infections of Humans (Vol. 1, 2nd ed.). New York: Plenum Medical Book Company. Kaplan, E. L. (2000). Streptococcal Infections (Vol. 1). New York: Oxford University Press. Todar, K. (2002). Streptococcus pyogenes (Vol. 1). Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Bact. Retrieved July 30, 2008, from http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/streptococcus.html